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GENERAL GUIDELINES:
Windows in SAS
File management

The SAS Program
Program syntax
Debugging tips

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 USING SAS PROGRAMMING TO: 
   

1. Prepare the data set 
   Types of data 
   Example programs    
    
2. View the data
   SAS Procedures
  
3. Explore the data  
   Numeric statistics    
   Frequency tables    
    
4. Manipulate the data  
   Basic techniques    
   New variables
  
5. Adding Variables and 
Observations to Data Sets
   The SET Statement
   The MERGE Statement

6. Data Processing
   ARRAY Statement
   Do Loops
   By-Group Processing
   RETAIN Statement

  
NON-PROGRAMMING 
      Alternatives

 
SAMPLE DATA SETS: 
 Height/weight
 Height/weight/region
 Simulated clinical data 
 Simulated Manitoba Health 
    

PROC FREQ: Example 1 41 No keywords specified 09:34 Tuesday, August 17, 1999 The FREQ Procedure Cumulative Cumulative name Frequency Percent Frequency Percent --------------------------------------------------------------- Antonio 1 5.56 1 5.56 Aubrey 1 5.56 2 11.11 Carl 1 5.56 3 16.67 David 1 5.56 4 22.22 Deborah 1 5.56 5 27.78 Donna 1 5.56 6 33.33 Elizabeth 1 5.56 7 38.89 Helen 1 5.56 8 44.44 Jacqueline 1 5.56 9 50.00 James 1 5.56 10 55.56 Joel 1 5.56 11 61.11 Michael 1 5.56 12 66.67 Roger 1 5.56 13 72.22 Ron 1 5.56 14 77.78 Ruth 1 5.56 15 83.33 Susan 1 5.56 16 88.89 Tim 1 5.56 17 94.44 Yao 1 5.56 18 100.00 Cumulative Cumulative sex Frequency Percent Frequency Percent -------------------------------------------------------- F 7 38.89 7 38.89 M 11 61.11 18 100.00 PROC FREQ: Example 1 42 No keywords specified 09:34 Tuesday, August 17, 1999 The FREQ Procedure Cumulative Cumulative age Frequency Percent Frequency Percent -------------------------------------------------------- 23 1 5.88 1 5.88 26 1 5.88 2 11.76 28 1 5.88 3 17.65 29 1 5.88 4 23.53 30 2 11.76 6 35.29 31 1 5.88 7 41.18 32 2 11.76 9 52.94 33 1 5.88 10 58.82 34 1 5.88 11 64.71 36 1 5.88 12 70.59 39 1 5.88 13 76.47 41 1 5.88 14 82.35 42 1 5.88 15 88.24 47 1 5.88 16 94.12 53 1 5.88 17 100.00 Frequency Missing = 1 Cumulative Cumulative height Frequency Percent Frequency Percent ----------------------------------------------------------- 62 1 5.56 1 5.56 64 1 5.56 2 11.11 65 1 5.56 3 16.67 66 2 11.11 5 27.78 67 1 5.56 6 33.33 68 1 5.56 7 38.89 69 2 11.11 9 50.00 70 2 11.11 11 61.11 71 2 11.11 13 72.22 72 3 16.67 16 88.89 74 1 5.56 17 94.44 75 1 5.56 18 100.00 PROC FREQ: Example 1 43 No keywords specified 09:34 Tuesday, August 17, 1999 The FREQ Procedure Cumulative Cumulative weight Frequency Percent Frequency Percent ----------------------------------------------------------- 98 1 5.56 1 5.56 115 1 5.56 2 11.11 121 1 5.56 3 16.67 124 1 5.56 4 22.22 131 1 5.56 5 27.78 135 1 5.56 6 33.33 139 1 5.56 7 38.89 143 1 5.56 8 44.44 145 1 5.56 9 50.00 155 1 5.56 10 55.56 158 1 5.56 11 61.11 160 1 5.56 12 66.67 163 1 5.56 13 72.22 166 1 5.56 14 77.78 167 1 5.56 15 83.33 170 1 5.56 16 88.89 175 1 5.56 17 94.44 176 1 5.56 18 100.00 PROC FREQ: Example 2 44 1-way tables for variables specified by TABLES keyword 09:34 Tuesday, August 17, 1999 The FREQ Procedure Cumulative Cumulative sex Frequency Percent Frequency Percent -------------------------------------------------------- F 7 38.89 7 38.89 M 11 61.11 18 100.00 Cumulative Cumulative age Frequency Percent Frequency Percent -------------------------------------------------------- 23 1 5.88 1 5.88 26 1 5.88 2 11.76 28 1 5.88 3 17.65 29 1 5.88 4 23.53 30 2 11.76 6 35.29 31 1 5.88 7 41.18 32 2 11.76 9 52.94 33 1 5.88 10 58.82 34 1 5.88 11 64.71 36 1 5.88 12 70.59 39 1 5.88 13 76.47 41 1 5.88 14 82.35 42 1 5.88 15 88.24 47 1 5.88 16 94.12 53 1 5.88 17 100.00 Frequency Missing = 1 PROC FREQ: Example 3 45 2-way table using the CHISQ, WHERE, and OUT= keywords Subsetting ages 0 to 29 09:34 Tuesday, August 17, 1999 The FREQ Procedure Table of sex by age sex age Frequency| Percent | Row Pct | Col Pct | 23| 26| 28| 29| Total ---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ F | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 25.00 | 25.00 | 25.00 | 0.00 | 75.00 | 33.33 | 33.33 | 33.33 | 0.00 | | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 | ---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 25.00 | 25.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 | | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 | ---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ Total 1 1 1 1 4 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 100.00 Statistics for Table of sex by age Statistic DF Value Prob ------------------------------------------------------ Chi-Square 3 4.0000 0.2615 Likelihood Ratio Chi-Square 3 4.4987 0.2124 Mantel-Haenszel Chi-Square 1 1.1905 0.2752 Phi Coefficient 1.0000 Contingency Coefficient 0.7071 Cramer's V 1.0000 WARNING: 100% of the cells have expected counts less than 5. Chi-Square may not be a valid test. Sample Size = 4 PROC FREQ: Example 3 46 2-way table using the CHISQ, WHERE, and OUT= keywords Subsetting ages 0 to 29 A PRINT of the OUTPUT data set 09:34 Tuesday, August 17, 1999 Obs sex age COUNT PERCENT 1 F 23 1 25 2 F 26 1 25 3 F 28 1 25 4 M 29 1 25 PROC FREQ: Example 4 47 2-way table using LIST and MISSING options 09:34 Tuesday, August 17, 1999 The FREQ Procedure Cumulative Cumulative sex age Frequency Percent Frequency Percent --------------------------------------------------------------- F 23 1 5.56 1 5.56 F 26 1 5.56 2 11.11 F 28 1 5.56 3 16.67 F 30 1 5.56 4 22.22 F 31 1 5.56 5 27.78 F 33 1 5.56 6 33.33 F 47 1 5.56 7 38.89 M . 1 5.56 8 44.44 M 29 1 5.56 9 50.00 M 30 1 5.56 10 55.56 M 32 2 11.11 12 66.67 M 34 1 5.56 13 72.22 M 36 1 5.56 14 77.78 M 39 1 5.56 15 83.33 M 41 1 5.56 16 88.89 M 42 1 5.56 17 94.44 M 53 1 5.56 18 100.00 PROC FREQ: Example 5 48 3-way table: height by weight, controlling for name 09:34 Tuesday, August 17, 1999 The FREQ Procedure Table 1 of height by weight Controlling for name=Donna height weight Frequency| Percent | Row Pct | Col Pct | 98| 121| Total ---------+--------+--------+ 62 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 | | 100.00 | . | ---------+--------+--------+ 64 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | . | . | | 0.00 | . | ---------+--------+--------+ Total 1 0 1 100.00 0.00 100.00 Table 2 of height by weight Controlling for name=Helen height weight Frequency| Percent | Row Pct | Col Pct | 98| 121| Total ---------+--------+--------+ 62 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | . | . | | . | 0.00 | ---------+--------+--------+ 64 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 | | . | 100.00 | ---------+--------+--------+ Total 0 1 1 0.00 100.00 100.00