GLOSSARY |
|
The Child Health Atlas Glossary provides information
on standard MCHP glossary definitions, modifications
to those standard definitions, and new definitions
used. The glossary entries also provide links to related
terms and concepts.
|
| Absent |
| |
For students who were supposed to write
a standards exam, an outcome of "absent"
was assigned when the students were absent on the
day or days of the exam (for example, due to illness
or medical condition). |
| |
Related: Standards
Tests |
| Adjusted
Rates |
| |
All rates comparing health indicators
across regions or SEFI (SES) groups, where all children
aged 0 to 19 years are included, have been adjusted,
or age- and sex-standardized. This procedure mathematically
removes the effects of different population structures
that influence overall rates of use of health care. |
| |
MCHP
Glossary Definition |
| |
Related: Rates
and Standardizing |
| Age Calculations |
| |
For health indicators in this report,
age calculations differ for numerators and denominators.
Age for the numerator is the age at the time of the
claim date, hospital admission date, or initial drug
prescription date. Age for the denominator is calculated
as the age at the end of December of the year, e.g.,
for fiscal year 2001/02, Age = 2001- birth year. |
| Ambulatory
Physician Visits |
| |
Any contact between a patient and physician
at one of the following locations: physician's office,
outpatient or emergency department, clinic, Personal
Care Home, the patient's home, or northern / remote
nursing station. Unless specified, physician visits
include consultative and non-consultative care. Contact
with patients who are in hospital and for salaried
physicians are not included. |
| |
MCHP
Glossary Definition |
| Apgar
Scores |
| |
Apgar scores measure the physiological well-being
of newborn babies, and are recorded for virtually
all births in hospital. A score of zero, one, or two
is given for each of five vital signs that are assessed
at one and five minutes after birth. These five scores
are added up to give a total score between 0 and 10.
The five vital signs are: appearance, pulse, reflex,
muscle tone, and breathing pattern. Very low scores
are associated with poor neurologic outcomes (21),
whereas "borderline" scores are associated
with decreased visual attentiveness in the first year
of life, compared with "good" scores (22).
For our analysis we considered scores of 9 or 10 at
five minutes as “good”. |
| Avoidable
Hospitalization for Immunizable and Preventable Infections |
| |
MCHP
Glossary Definition |
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| Band-Operated
Schools |
| |
Band-operated schools are located
in Manitoba, but are not part of the provincial
education system. Rather, they are operated by the
First Nations communities in which they are located.
Enrollment data for band-operated schools is only
partially reported to the provincial Education Information
System (EIS). Therefore:
For the Standards Test analyses: An estimated
number of students expected to be enrolled in band-operated
schools was removed from the analysis. This was
done because some students in the 18 year old cohort
enrolled in band operated schools in 2001/02 who
were not in EIS enrollment data would be misclassified
as withdrawn.
For the High School Completion analyses:
Students in band-operated schools were excluded.
Some students could be enrolled in a non-band-operated
school in Grade 9 and later transfer to a band-operated
school, and could therefore be misclassified as
withdrawn because they no longer appear in our data.
However, when this issue was examined, only 111
students in our 1997/98 cohort (out of 15,821 students)
transferred to a band-operated school in a later
year. |
| |
Related: EIS, Standards
Tests, High School
Completion |
| Breastfeeding
Initiation Rate |
| |
MCHP
Glossary Definition |
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| Child
Care |
| |
MCHP
Glossary Definition |
| Child
Mortality Rate |
| |
MCHP
Glossary Definition |
| Childhood
Immunization Rate |
| |
MCHP
Glossary Definition |
| |
Related: Immunization
Schedule by Age |
| Community
Resources |
| |
Community resources refers to the collection of
databases that provide data on community-level factors
that may influence child health. The community resource
data in this report contain housing, crime, parks,
child day care, library, and programs data. |
| |
Related: Housing,
Crimes Against Persons,
Crimes Against Property,
Green Spaces, Child
Day Care, Story Time Library
Programs, Programs |
| Continuing
Student |
| |
A high school student who was still
enrolled in school, but had not made it to S4 by the
5th year and did not have a graduation flag or 28+
credits. The credits earned were quite low for these
students, for example, 14 out of the required 28 credits. |
| |
Related: Graduation,
Graduation Flag, High
School Completion |
| Crimes
Against Persons |
| |
Crime data were obtained from the Winnipeg Police
Service, Crime Statistics Unit. Crimes against persons
include the crimes of murder, attempted murder, sexual
assault, other sexual offences, assault, kidnapping,
abduction, and robbery. |
| |
MCHP
Concept Dictionary Entry |
| Crimes
Against Property |
| |
Crime data were obtained from the Winnipeg Police
Service, Crime Statistics Unit. Crimes against property
include the crimes of arson, break and enter, theft,
fraud, and mischief. |
| |
MCHP
Concept Dictionary Entry |
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| Data
Suppression |
| |
Data was suppressed in the graphs and
data sheets when the cell count was five or fewer.
When this occurred, an "s" replaced the
value in the cell. An "s" also replaced
cell values that could be used to calculate other
suppressed cells. |
| |
MCHP
Glossary Definition |
| |
Related: Rates
and Standardizing |
| Denominators |
| |
Related: Rates
and Standardizing |
| Dissemination Area
(DA) |
| |
Dissemination Areas (DAs), and are the
smallest standard geographical areas for which Canada
Census data are reported. DAs are composed of one
or more neighbouring blocks, with a population of
400 to 700 persons. |
| |
Related:: Statistics Canada Website:
Disseminations
Area (DA) |
| Drug
Categories for Prescription Use Analysis |
| |
The eight drug categories were: (1)
Antibiotics, (2) Antidepressants (selective serotonin
reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine
oxidase inhibitors), (3) Antipsychotics, (4) Anxiolytics,
(5) Iron supplements, (6) Narcotic analgesics, (7)
NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) and
other arthritis drugs, (8) Psychostimulants. See table
for category definitions. |
| |
Table
of drug category definitions. |
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| E-Codes |
| |
See: External
Cause of Injury Codes |
| Education Information
System (EIS) |
| |
Source of education data used in report.
Data used for analyses of educational outcomes included
enrolment information on all students from Kindergarten
to Grade 12, course marks for senior students (Grades
9 (S1) through 12 (S4)), as well as scores for Language
Arts and Math standards tests written in Grade 12
and Grade 3. |
| |
Related: Standards
Tests |
| Effective
Age of Houses |
| |
Effective age of a residential dwelling usually
refers to the year in which the dwelling was built.
Occasionally, where major renovations, alterations
and/or additions have altered the original dwelling
to such an extent that the original year of construction
no longer accurately reflects the dwelling’s
age (i.e. fire, gut and refurbish), then the original
year of dwelling construction has been modified to
reflect these major renovations. |
| |
Related: Housing |
| Exclusions |
| |
The following children were excluded
from all analyses: 1) children whose postal codes
were the same as the Public trustee offices. Because
this would be a mailing address only, we could not
determine where in the province these children lived.
2) Children who did not have Manitoba postal or municipal
codes. These children were considered non-Manitoba
residents. In addition to these exclusions, children
whose postal codes were the same as the Winnipeg Child
and Family Services office were excluded from regional
analyses because we could not determine where these
children actually lived. These children were not excluded
from the Manitoba totals, however. |
| Exempt |
| |
Students were exempted from writing
a standards exam for reasons such as: substantial
modifications had to be made to the exam in order
for the student to write it, or the student was an
English as a Second Language student. |
| |
Related: Standards
Tests |
| External
Cause of Injury Codes (E-Codes) |
| |
E-codes are used to define environmental
events, circumstances and conditions as the cause
of injury, poisoning, and other adverse effects related
to injury hospitalizations and mortality. The ICD-9-CM
E-code on the hospital claim may be in any one of
the 16 diagnosis codes and the first one found going
from 1 to 16 is used. The vital statistics record
has ICD-9 E-codes listed in the cause of death. See
table for the E-codes used in this report. Excluded
from this list and from our definition of injuries
are injuries resulting from misadventures during surgical
or medical care, and adverse drug reactions. |
| |
Table
of E-Codes. |
| |
MCHP
Glossary Definition |
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| Failed |
| |
For students who wrote a standards exam,
an outcome of "failed" was assigned for
a mark between 0 and 49.9%. |
| |
Related: Standards
Tests |
| Fiscal Year
(FY) |
| |
For most businesses, health care institutions
included, the fiscal year is defined as starting April
1 and ending the following year at March 31. For example,
the 1997/98 fiscal year would be April 1, 1997 to
March 31, 1998, inclusive, and may also be denoted
as FY 1997. |
| |
MCHP
Glossary Definition |
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| Grade
2 or Lower |
| |
Students who should have written a Grade 3 Standards
Test according to their age (i.e., 8 years), but were
enrolled in Grade 2 or below. |
| |
Related: Standards
Tests |
| Graduation |
| |
The presence of a graduation flag in
the student record or 28 or more credits earned during
high school. |
| |
Related: Graduation
Flag, High School
Completion |
| Graduation
Flag |
| |
We derived this variable (0/1) from the Year End
Status field in the EIS files. The variable Graduation
flag was set to '1' if the Year End Status field contained
the values 099 (Graduated), 100 (Graduated with diploma),
101 (Graduated with Provincial diploma), or 102 (Graduated
with mature student diploma). Graduation flag was
set to '0' for any other value, or if the Year End
Status field was empty. |
| |
Related: Education
Information System (EIS) |
| Green
Spaces |
| |
MCHP
Concept Dictionary Entry |
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| Healthy
Baby Program |
| |
A program run by the Province of Manitoba
that offers financial help through prenatal benefits
(monthly cheques) and offers social and educational
support through programs in the community, throughout
Manitoba. |
| |
Related: Manitoba Government Website:
Healthy
Baby |
| High
Birth Weight Rate |
| |
The number of live born babies (in calendar
years 1997-2001) with a birth weight of more than
4000 grams divided by the total number of live born
babies (in calendar years 1997-2001). Thirty liveborn
babies with a newborn birth weight value of 9999 grams
were excluded from analyses. |
| |
MCHP
Glossary Definition |
| High
School Completion |
| |
High school completion analyses used
a cohort of students enrolled in Grade 9 (S1) in 1997/98
and still living in Manitoba four or five years later
(depending on how long they remained in the education
system). We used their enrolment records to determine
whether after five years they had: graduated ("Grad");
were in Grade 12 but not yet graduated ("Near
Grad"); were still enrolled but after five years
had not yet reached Grade 12 ("Continuing"),
or; had not been enrolled for two consecutive years
("Withdrawn"). |
| |
Related: Graduation,
Near Graduate, Continuing,
Withdrawn |
| Hospitalization
Rates |
| |
The number of hospital episodes in a
given year(s) divided by the population as of December
31 of that year(s). With hospital episode
rates, children hospitalized in one hospital and then
transferred to a different hospital are counted only
once. |
| |
MCHP
Glossary Definition |
| Housing |
| |
Housing data pertain to all residential dwellings,
defined as single-family homes, side by sides, duplex,
duplex conversion, triplex and apartment converted
dwellings with 3 to 4 single-family units. Apartment
blocks are not included. Housing data were obtained
for 228 neighbourhoods in the city of Winnipeg from
the City's Neighbourhood Housing Indicator Data report
(October, 2000). Disclaimer: The City of Winnipeg
and its employees make no representation or warranties
and assume no liability or responsibility for the
accuracy or completeness of the information nor for
any loss or damage to persons or property directly
or indirectly arising from the information in this
document, including any negligence on the part of
The City of Winnipeg or its employees. |
| |
MCHP
Concept Dictionary Entry |
| |
Related: Effective
Age of Houses, Median
Selling Price of Houses, Rental
Houses |
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| Immunization
Rate |
| |
See: Childhood
Immunization Rate |
| Immunization
Schedule By Age |
| |
MCHP
Glossary Definition |
| |
Related: Manitoba Health Website:
Manitoba's
Routine Childhood Immunization Schedule |
| Income
Quintile |
| |
MCHP
Glossary Definition |
| Incomplete |
| |
For students who wrote a standards exam,
an outcome of "incomplete" was assigned
when a mark was not able to be assigned to the exam
(usually because the student only wrote a portion
of the exam and was absent for the remainder). |
| |
Related: Standards
Tests |
| Infant
Mortality Rate |
| |
The number of deaths among infants under
one year of age (at December 31) per 1000 live births
in a cohort of liveborn babies, excluding very low
birth weight babies (< 500 g) and those with very
short gestations (< 20 weeks), who are more likely
to die. This rate is for a given period of time (calendar
years 1997-2001). Infant mortality is considered a
useful indicator of the level of health within a community. |
| |
MCHP
Glossary Definition |
| Injury
Hospitalizations |
| |
Hospitalizations lasting one day or
longer that resulted from an injury as indicated by
the presence of one of the ICD-9-CM E-Codes listed
in the table on the hospital record. Newborn hospitalizations
with E-Codes are excluded, as are brain deaths. Because
separations were counted rather than episodes of care,
children who were hospitalized in one hospital and
then transferred to a different hospital were counted
twice. About 5½% of the injury hospitalizations that
occurred over the 5-year period involved a transfer. |
| |
Table
of E-Codes. |
| |
MCHP
Glossary Definition |
| Injury
Mortality |
| |
For children aged 1 to 19, death due
to injury, as defined by the presence of one of the
ICD-9 E-Codes listed in the table on the vital statistics
record. |
| |
Table
of E-Codes. |
| |
MCHP
Glossary Definition |
| Injury
Mortality Rates |
| |
These rates are calculated by dividing
the total number of injury deaths in a given year(s)
by the population as of December 31 of the same year(s).
Injury mortality rates for this report were calculated
using five years of data, calendar years 1997 to 2001. |
| |
MCHP
Glossary Definition |
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| Low
Birth Weight Rate |
| |
The number of live born babies (in calendar
years 1997-2001) with a birth weight of less than
2500 grams divided by the total number of live born
babies (in calendar years 1997-2001). Analyses of
low birth weight infants included 7 liveborn infants
with a newborn birth weight value of less than 100
grams. |
| |
MCHP
Glossary Definition |
| Lower
Respiratory Tract Infection |
| |
The diagnosis-based definition for five
years of age and older is at least one diagnosis over
one year for lower respiratory tract infection (ICD-9-CM=011:
Pulmonary tuberculosis, 012: Other respiratory tuberculosis,
466: Acute bronchitis and bronchiolitis, 480: Viral
pneumonia, 481: Pneumococcal pneumonia [Streptococcus
pneumoniae pneumonia], 482: Other bacterial pneumonia,
483: Pneumonia due to other specified organism, 484:
Pneumonia in infectious diseases classified elsewhere,
485: Bronchopneumonia, organism unspecified, 486:
Pneumonia, organism unspecified, 487: Influenza, 490:
Bronchitis, not specified as acute or chronic, 491:
Chronic bronchitis). The definition for age less than
five years of age is at least one diagnosis over one
year for lower respiratory tract infection, as defined
above, or asthma (ICD-9-CM=493: Asthma). The diagnoses
recorded in the first diagnostic field of the hospitalization
abstract was used. |
| |
MCHP
Glossary Definition |
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| Maternal
Serum Screening Programme |
| |
This programme is funded by the province and offers
all pregnant women in Manitoba a blood test that screens
for chromosome abnormalities or birth defects. |
| |
Related: Triple
Test, Website for Manitoba
Maternal Serum Screening Programme. |
| Median
Selling Price of Houses |
| |
The Median Selling Price indicator is the market-selling
price of properties that were sold in the open market
by a willing seller to a willing buyer. These arms-length
transactions include sales that were offered for a
reasonable period of time, whether it was through
the Multiple Listing Service (MLS), exclusive listing,
or by private offering. These sales would also be
expected to take place between unrelated people. The
median selling price was based on actual sales, and
the sales were not selected using statistical sampling
methods to ensure a representative sample for the
various property types within each neighbourhood. |
| |
Related: Housing |
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| Near
Graduate |
| |
A high school student who was in S4
in the 4th or 5th year, but did not have a graduation
flag or 28+ credits. |
| |
Related: Graduation,
High School Completion
|
| Neighbourhood Cluster
(NC) |
| |
MCHP
Glossary Definition |
| Non-Winnipeg |
| |
MCHP
Glossary Definition |
| Numerators |
| |
See: Rates
and Starndardizing |
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| Parks |
| |
See: Green
Spaces |
| Passed |
| |
For students who wrote a standards exam,
an outcome of "passed" was assigned for
a mark of 50% or higher. |
| |
Related: Standards
Tests |
| Physician
Visits |
| |
See: Ambulatory
Physician Visits |
| Population |
| |
Table
of population information for RHA Districts and Winnipeg
NCs. |
| Programs |
| |
The programs data include social programs, such
as counseling programs and youth drop-ins, as well
as recreation programs, such as physical activity
and creative arts programs. |
| |
MCHP
Concept Dictionary Entry |
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|
| Rates
and Standardizing |
| |
Rates were standardized for age and
sex using the direct method of standardization. For
most of the analyses in this report, the age groups
used for standardization were: 0, 1-4, 5-9, 10-14,
and 15-19 years. One-year rates were based on data
from the 2001/02 fiscal year and five-year rates were
based on data from the 97/98 – 2001/02 fiscal
years. The 1996 population structure (December) was
the population to which rates were standardized. When
numerators were less than 5 cases, rates were suppressed
due to instability. |
| |
MCHP
Glossary Definition |
| |
Related: Adjusted
Rates |
| Reading
Recovery |
| |
Reading Recovery is a widely used program for early
literacy in Manitoba schools, aimed at Grade 1 students
having some difficulty with learning to read. This
program is intensive and requires a teacher to work
one-on-one or with small groups of children for several
hours each week. There is a pre-test to enable teachers
to pick the children with the greatest need for the
program. |
| Regional Health Authority
(RHA) |
| |
The province of Manitoba is divided
into 11 Regional Health Authorities, in which 2 of
the RHAs are cities (Brandon and Winnipeg). |
| |
MCHP
Glossary Definition |
| |
Related: Regional
Health Authority Districts, Winnipeg
Regional Health Authority |
| Regional
Health Authority Districts |
| |
RHA Districts further sub-divide RHAs
into distinct areas for analysis. RHA District boundaries
are determined by the individual RHAs. |
| |
MCHP
Glossary Definition |
| |
Related: Regional Health
Authority |
| Rental
Houses |
| |
Rental houses are non-owner occupied residential
dwellings including: single family homes, side by
sides, duplex, duplex conversion, triplex, and apartment-converted
dwellings with 3 to 4 single family units. Apartment
blocks, agricultural and government properties are
not included. |
| |
Related: Housing |
| Retention |
| |
Students who were enrolled in the same
grade for two consecutive years, and who did not have
an aberrant pattern of promotion any other year (for
example, retention one year and promotion of two grades
the next, or a progression backwards). |
| Retention
Rates |
| |
The percentage of students retained
from one year to the next. The denominator includes
all students who were enrolled in grade the first
year except for students with aberrant patterns of
promotion (for example, a retention one year and a
promotion of two grades the next, or a progression
backwards), because of the probability that these
patterns were errors. |
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|
| S3
or Lower |
| |
Students who should have written an S4 Standards
Test according to their age (i.e., 18 years), but
were enrolled in S3 or below. |
| |
Related: Standards
Tests |
| School Changes |
| |
The number of times a students changed
schools that was not part of an expected progression
through the grades. Expected progressions were identified
when a student reached the highest grade of a school
and the next year transferred to a different school. |
| SEFI (Socioeconomic Factor Index) |
| |
See: Socioeconomic
Status (SES) |
| Socioeconomic Status
(SES) |
| |
Socioeconomic status (SES) refers to
social and economic circumstances which are used to
denote a ranking of individuals or groups in society.
For this report, SES was assigned based on an index
known as the SocioEconomic Factor Index (SEFI), which
provides an area-level measure of SES. The SEFI combines
those socioeconomic characteristics most strongly
related to health outcomes into a single score (for
a more detailed description, see the Martens, Frohlich,
Carriere, Derksen and Brownell article "Embedding
Child Health Within a Framework of Regional Health
[p. S15-20] in the
Canadian Journal of Public Health, Supplement 2, 2002).
These characteristics include unemployment, high school
completion, lone parent households, and female workforce
participation. SEFI was calculated for the 1146 dissemination
areas (DAs) within Winnipeg and for the 1172 DAs outside
of Winnipeg, using publicly available data from the
2001 Census. A SEFI score for each of the 25 Winnipeg
Neighbourhood Clusters was then calculated using a
weighted average of the scores for each DA in that
neighbourhood. Likewise, a SEFI score was calculated
for each RHA District using a weighted average of
the scores for each DA in that district. For regional
graphs in this report, regions are ordered from most
advantaged to least advantaged SES (see Data
Display). For ease of presentation, for both Winnipeg
and non-Winnipeg areas, neighbourhoods or districts
were divided into four groups based on how different
they were from the average score for all neighbourhoods
or districts. Thus for both Winnipeg and non-Winnipeg
areas there are four SEFI (or SES) Groups: Low SES
(or most disadvantaged), Low-Mid SES, Middle SES,
and High SES. It should be noted that the total number
of people and the total number of children residing
in these SES groups is not equal: The Middle SES category
has almost half of Winnipeg's total population and
just over half of the non-Winnipeg population. |
| |
Related: Socioeconomic
Factor Index (SEFI), Dissemination
Area (DA) |
| Socioeconomic Factor
Index (SEFI) |
| |
Table
of SEFI variable values for RHA Districts and Winnipeg
NCs. |
| |
MCHP
Glossary Definition |
| |
Related: Socioeconomic
Status (SES) |
| Standards
Tests |
| |
Tests written by students in Manitoba
in certain grades. For Grade 12 students, Manitoba
has had a provincial testing system in place since
1993, with the tests counting for 30% of students'
final course mark. The current 'Standards Tests' are
curriculum-based and mandatory for all students, with
adaptations available for many special needs students
(and exemptions for individual students as required).
The annual Standards Tests are 'locally marked' by
the school divisions, and assess Mathematics and Language
Arts in separate tests. Data for Grade 3 students
came from the 1998/99 'Provincial Examinations' in
Language Arts. Standardized Grade 3 testing was discontinued
after that year. |
| |
Related: Passed,
Failed, Incomplete,
Absent, Exempt,
Grade 2 or Lower, S3
or Lower, Withdrawn |
| Statistical
Testing of Rates |
| |
We have implemented a Bonferroni correction
factor using 99% confidence intervals when testing
for statistical significance between rates. The Bonferroni
is a statistical method that adjusts the significance
level when multiple comparisons are made. |
| Story
Time Library Programs |
| |
Story Time a half-hour program held at Winnipeg
Public Library branches for children 3 to 5 years
of age. Books are presented in creative ways, such
as with action rhymes or finger plays, and children
are encouraged to check out library books to take
home to read. |
| |
Related:
Winnipeg Public Library Newsletters contain information
on Story Time and other programs. |
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| Teen
Birth Rate |
| |
The number of live births in an area per 1000 teens,
defined as the midyear female population aged 12-19
in the same area for the years 1997-2001. |
| Teen
Pregnancy Rate |
| |
The ratio of pregnancies in teenagers
in a given time period (including live births, stillbirths,
abortions, and ectopic pregnancies), to the total
female population of the same age, mid-period. Age
categories used in this report included 12-19, 15-19,
18-19, 12-17, and 15-17 years. |
| |
MCHP
Glossary Definition |
| Triple
Test |
| |
The triple test is a blood test that is offered
to all pregnant women in Manitoba through the Manitoba
Maternal Serum Screening Programme. The test measures
three components in the mother’s blood that
are made by the baby or the placenta, and the test
screens for chromosome abnormalities or birth defects.
|
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|
| Winnipeg
Community Area (CA) |
| |
MCHP
Glossary Definition |
| Winnipeg Regional
Health Authority (WRHA) |
| |
MCHP
Glossary Definition |
| |
Related: Winnipeg
Community Area (CA) |
| Withdrawn |
| |
A high school student who was not enrolled
for last two years (2000/01 and 01/02). |
| |
Related: Graduation,
High School Completion,
Standards Tests |
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|
