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1. Labour Force
Consists of persons who are employed or working in self-employment, are on temporary lay-off, are about to start a new job, or are actively looking for work. Employment is one determinant of health, that is, an underlying factor assumed to influence overa...
2. Landing Date
concept/Social Determinants of Health-SDOH-Digital Library-Image.jpg The date an individual receives their Permanent Residency (PR) status in Canada (previously ...
3. Language and Cognitive Development - Early Development Instrument (EDI) Domain
A set of 26 items on the EDI to assess a kindergarten child's readiness for school in terms of their "basic literacy, interest in literacy/numeracy and uses memory, advanced literacy, basic numeracy" and other similar characteristics.
4. Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
see Cholecystectomy.
5. Large-for-gestational-age (LGA)
Infants that are at or above the 90th percentile in birth weight, from an infant population of the same sex and gestational age. For more detailed information, see Kramer et al. (2001) in the concept titled Size for Gestational Age.
6. Late Initiation of Prenatal Care
Prenatal care that begins after the first trimester of pregnancy.
7. Late Preterm Birth
Birth where the gestational age of the infant is between 34 and 36 weeks. A further categorization of preterm birth.
8. Late-Loss Activities of Daily Living (ADL)
Dependence in activities of daily living typically follow a certain sequence; people first become dependent in early-loss ADLs (e.g., dressing, personal hygiene), followed by dependence in middle-loss (transfer, locomotion, toilet use), and, finally late-...
9. Latent Construct
A variable that cannot be measured directly but can be estimated by related variables (Ullman JB, 1996).
10. Latent Tuberculosis Infection (LTBI)
Latent Tuberculosis Infection (LTBI) (or "sleeping TB") arises when an individual is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) but the bacterium is dormant and not transmissible (does not have active disease). Individuals with LTBI are more likely to ...
11. Length of Stay (LOS)
The number of days of care counted from the admission date to the separation (discharge) date for patients/residents within a healthcare facility. This could be in a hospital or personal care home (PCH). In some research (Fransoo et al., 2013), this incl...
12. Length of Stay (LOS) - Mean
See Average Length of Stay (ALOS).
13. Length of Stay Categories
There are 8 categories for grouping LOS: (1) 1-8 days, (2) 9-14 days, (3) 15-22 days, (4) 23-59 days, (5) 60-89 days, (6) 90-179 days, (7) 180-365 days, and (8) 365 days or more.
14. Length of Stay in PCH by Level of Care (LOC) on Admission
This indicator measures the minimum length of time (in years) that 50% of all PCH residents age 75 and older spent in PCHs before leaving the facility, according to their level of care on admission; i.e., half of PCH residents spent less than this amount ...
15. Length of Waiting Time (LWT) After Assessment
The difference between the admission date to a PCH and the date the person was paneled for acceptance to a PCH. An average LWT is reported using the median (midpoint).
16. Level II and III Funding
Special education funding provided by the Department of Education to students with special needs who require extensive supports in the classroom. In Brownell et al. (2012), the rate of level II and III funding was calculated per 1,000 children aged 5 to 1...
17. Level of Care (LOC) - In Hospital
Level of care is a classification for hospitalizations according to type of care received (Fransoo et al., 2013). In Manitoba, the level of care is collected in the Hospital Discharge Abstract data as a one-digit code, using the following codes and descri...
18. Level of Care (LOC) - In Personal Care Homes (PCH)
A classification system for PCH residents used to define the extent of their dependence, and to approximate the amount of daily nursing care they may require. All nursing home (PCH) residents are assessed at one of four levels of care based on the Depende...
19. Level of Care (LOC) - Long Term Care (LTC) Admissions
This term defines the different levels of care (LOC) available when analyzing Long Term Care (LTC) admissions data. It is important to define the type of care being examined based on what information the researcher wants to gain from analysis of the ad...
20. Level of Care (LOC) on Admission to Personal Care Homes (PCH)
The distribution of levels of care assigned to PCH residents who were age 75 and older at the time of their admission. Level 1 represents the lowest level of need and Level 4 represents the highest. Levels 2 and 3 were stratified into residents whose asse...
21. Level of Care (LOC) Received
Identifies the type of hospital care received by one of the following categories: 1). one of 7 levels of hospital (teaching, urban community, major rural, intermediate rural, small rural, small multi-use, and northern isolated) or one of 4 other categori...
22. Level of Comorbidity and Complications
An indicator measuring the impact on hospital resources of a case, based on the "complexity" of hospital care required to treat patients. Using the RDRG® program, patients are classified into 3 levels of complexity: those where comorbid...
23. Level Of Severity
A measure of the seriousness of a patient's condition. The level of severity of cases at institutions impact both the hospital's case mix, as well as the effectiveness and efficiency measures used to assess the hospitals.
24. Libraries
See Public Libraries.
25. LICO
acronym for Low-Income Cut Off (LICO)
26. Life Course
Longitudinal administrative data may be used to evaluate exposure effects over a lifespan. Life course research is directed toward examining aspects of family background and the environment which may affect well being during childhood and later in life. ...
27. Life Expectancy
The average number of years an individual of a given age is expected to live if current age-sex-specific mortality rates remain stable. Life expectancy is a commonly accepted indicator of population health. Typically calculated at birth, this indicator ...
28. Life Satisfaction - (CCHS Survey Data)
Subjective life satisfaction is a measure of an individual's perceived level of well-being and happiness and has been shown to be positively correlated with health status. In the CCHS Survey - Chapter 14, all participants were asked "How satisfied are yo...
29. Life Stress
See Self-Perceived Life Stress - (CCHS Survey Data) glossary term.
30. Likelihood Ratio Test (LRT)
As the name implies, the likelihood ratio is a ratio of two likelihoods. It is widely used as a test statistic, perhaps especially for relations among categorical variables displayed in contingency tables. The smaller the LR, the stronger the relationship...
31. Limitation of Activities - (CCHS Survey Data)
According to the Public Health Agency of Canada, approximately one in eight Canadians live with some physical or mental disability. Disabilities can range from mild limitations such as back pain, to moderate limitations such as arthritis, to severe limita...
32. Limited Scope Family Physician (FP)
A full-time Winnipeg FP who submits fee-for-service and/or evaluation claims, 30 per cent or more of the total dollar value of their billings are attributable to ambulatory care visits, and their Herfindahl Index score is higher than 0.1411.
33. Linear Regression
Regression analysis is a statistical approach that looks to find the best mathematical model to describe y (a dependent variable) as a function of x (an independent variable), or to predict y from x. In linear regression, the data is analyzed using linear...
34. Linear Trend Test
Linear trend tests were conducted to test associations between indicator values and area-level income data. Contrasts were calculated from the parameter estimates of the model to estimate linear trends for each sex and income area (either urban or rural)...
35. Linkage
See Record Linkage.
36. Linking
See Record Linkage glossary term.
37. LINKS - A Record Linkage Package
LINKS is a record / data linkage software package developed by MCHP at the University of Manitoba using SAS® software. It provides tools for both deterministic and probabilistic record linkage and consists of three separate modules. For more infor...
38. Live Birth Service Type
An inpatient hospitalization for an infant born in hospital and admitted directly after birth. In Fransoo et al. (2013), live birth hospitalizations were defined by the combination of hospital abstract type for newborn and ICD-10-CA diagnosis code Z38, "L...
39. Living in a Family Receiving Income Assistance (AI)
This term relates specifically to children who live in a family that is receiving income assistance. Income Assistance (IA) is a provincial program for people who need help to meet basic personal and family needs. Wherever possible, the program is aim...
40. Living in Social Housing
Individuals who reside in publicly assisted non-profit housing often subsidized by government funds. In this report, analysis is limited to people living in social housing that is owned and directly managed by Manitoba Housing.
41. Location of Ambulatory Visits
The location of where an ambulatory physician visit took place, based on the location of the physician. There are four categories: In District, Out of District: In Region, Out of Region: Not Winnipeg, and Out of Region: Winnipe...
42. Location of Care (Received)
The location of an ambulatory physician visit or hospitalization is based on the location of the physician or hospital. Several different methods of categorization have been used in MCHP research over the years, including:In Region, Out of Re...
43. Location of Death
Location of death was determined using a hierarchical approach in order to create five mutually exclusive categories:If individuals were in a hospital on the date of death they were classified as having died in hospital; if they were in a LT...
44. Location of Hospital
See Hospital Location.
45. Location of Hospitalization
In Martens et al. (2003), the location of hospitalization was calculated two different ways. First, the location of hospitals' patients, based on their residence information (that is, where RHAs' hospital patients came from). Second, the hospitalization...
46. Location of Personal Care Homes (PCH)
See Personal Care Home (PCH) Location.
47. Location of Residence
See Manitoba Residents.
48. Location of Residence (Postal Code) Agreement
This statistical method investigates the level of agreement between the patient's postal code provided in the Manitoba Cancer Registry data compared to the patient's postal code reported in the Manitoba Health Insurance Registry and in the Hospital Abstra...
49. Location of Residence Six Months Before Death
We determined location of residence of decedents 180 days (6 months) before the date of death using a hierarchical approach analogous to the one for determining location of death. We differentiated between individuals who were in hospital, LTC facilities,...
50. Location of Visits to Physicians / Primary Care Providers
This indicators provides information regarding where Regional Health Authority (RHA) residents went for ambulatory visits to physicians / primary care providers using the following categories: percent of visits in patient's RHA district, ...
51. Location of Visits to Specialists
Information regarding where Regional Health Authority (RHA) residents went for ambulatory visits to specialists by the following categories: percent of visits in patient's RHA district, percent of visits elsewhere in patient's RHA, p...
52. Log Transformation
See Transformation (Logarithmic)
53. Log-normal Distribution
This is the probability distribution of any random variable whose logarithm is normally distributed. Thus, if Y is a random variable with a normal distribution, then exp(Y) has a log normal distribution. This distribution can be used to model nonzero posi...
54. Logarithmic Transformation
This is the replacing of data values with the equivalent values in logarithm form. This type of transformation can make skewed data to be approximately normal.
55. Logistic Modeling
See Logistic Regression.
56. Logistic Regression
Logistic regression is regression technique used when the outcome is a binary, or dichotomous, variable. Logistic regression models the probability of an event as a function of other factors. These models are only able to state that there is a relationshi...
57. Lognormal Distribution
A continuous probability distribution of any random variable whose logarithm is normally distributed. For example, if X is a random variable with a normal distribution, then Y= exp (X) is log-normally distributed. The probability density function of a log...
58. Long Stay (Care)
A term used to describe the period of length of stay of hospital inpatients. The definition of long stay has varied in the research conducted at the Manitoba Centre for Health Policy (MCHP): Roos et al. (1994) defined lon...
59. Long Stay Days
The total number of days of hospital care used by all residents of a given region of stays 30 days or longer within a given fiscal year ( Martens et al., 2004 ). Recent Manitoba Centre for Health Policy (MCHP) research by Fransoo et al. (2...
60. Long Stay Inpatient Care
See Long Stay (Care)
61. Long Term Care (LTC)
Chronic and rehabilitative services provided by a long term care hospital or Personal Care Home (PCH).
62. Long Term Care (LTC) Data
The Long Term Care (LTC) data is administrative health data containing records of admission and discharge, assessments, level of care and chronic and rehabilitative services provided in Manitoba at long term care hospitals and personal care homes (includi...
63. Long Term Care (LTC) Hospitals
Includes Deer Lodge Hospital LTC, Riverview Health Centre, and Cartwright and Hartney Hospitals.
64. Long Term Care (LTC) MDS Assessment Data
Long Term Care MDS (Minimum Data Set) Assessment data contains screening, clinical and functional status elements, as well as Activities of Daily Living (ADL) assessments of all residents of Winnipeg personal care homes (PCHs). For more information on...
65. Long Term Care (LTC) Utilization History Data
Long Term Care (LTC) Utilization History data is maintained by Manitoba Health and includes records of chronic and rehabilitative services provided by long term care institutions in Manitoba, including hospital patients awaiting placement. These records ...
66. Long Term Care Access Centre
The Winnipeg intake system for new home care clients who are not in hospital before entering the home care program.
67. Long Term Care Admissions
A long term care admission for a mental health disorder is an admission to an acute care hospital where the principal (most responsible) diagnosis is in the range ICD-9-CM 290-319, and distinguished from an acute care admission by a number of criteria in...
68. Long-Stay Days by Cause
The total number of days of hospital care used for stays of 30 days or longer in a fiscal year by ICD-9-CM chapters. Most responsible diagnosis is used to define cause of hospitalization.
69. Long-Stay Patients
Patients who stay in hospital for greater than 30 days.
70. Long-Term Care (LTC) Beds
The number of Long Term Care (LTC) beds in each RHA. Also known as Personal Care Home (PCH) Beds.
71. Long-Term Care (LTC) Days
Long-term care days included both days in PCHs and, for Winnipeg only, days in chronic care facilities (Deer Lodge Centre and Riverview Health Centre).
72. Longitudinal Data
Data that covers multiple years; it allows one to study change over time for numerous variables.
73. Longitudinal Study
A longitudinal survey describes or measures a population at several points in time.
74. Longitudinal Survey
A longitudinal survey is a survey that collects data on a sample population at multiple points in time. Longitudinal survey data can be used to estimate the incidence of new cases of a disease or condition and examine trends over time in a population. An ...
75. Lorenz Curve
The Lorenz curve is a graphical display of the distribution of the cumulative percent of events by the cumulative percent of people in the population. Please see the Lorenz Curve concept for more information.
76. LOS
acronym for Length Of Stay (LOS)
77. Loss To Follow-up
Occurs when an individual cannot be followed for the duration of a study because at some point during the study period he/she is ineligible for health care coverage.
78. Low Birth Weight
Any infant who weighs less than 2500 grams at birth. It is 1 of 6 major Health Status Indicator categories (Cohen & MacWilliam, 1994). Other, slightly modified definitions have been used over time: In Brownell et al. (...
79. Low Birth Weight Rate
The number of live born babies with a birth weight of less than 2500 grams divided by the total number of live born babies. This may involve using several years of data.
80. Low Number of Prenatal Care Visits
A woman is considered to have a low number of prenatal care visits if they have less than five prenatal care visits (as recorded on the maternal delivery record) prior to delivery.
81. Low Variation Conditions
Medical and surgical conditions which demonstrate relatively stable rates across populations, for which there is little clinical ambiguity about the need for hospitalization. Examples include: heart attack, hip fracture and colon cancer surgery.
82. Low-Income Cut Off (LICO)
A measure developed by Statistics Canada to distinguish low-income families from other families. LICOs are set according to the proportion of annual family income spent on food, shelter and clothing. A LICO is an income threshold below which a family will...
83. Lower Limb Amputation
Removal of the lower leg below or including the knee by amputation.
84. Lower Limb Amputations among People / Residents with Diabetes
See Lower Limb Amputations with Comorbid Diabetes.
85. Lower Limb Amputations with Comorbid Diabetes
The removal of the lower limb (below or including the knee) by amputation, in combination with a diagnosis of diabetes. Rates are expressed per 1,000 area residents age 20 through 79 (denominator includes both diabetics and non-diabetics). NOTE: i...
86. Lower Respiratory Tract Infection (LRTI)
Infection affecting the lower part of the breathing system (the breathing tubes and lungs). The diagnosis-based definition for five years of age and older is at least one diagnosis over one year for lower respiratory tract infection. The definition for a...
87. LRT
acronym for Likelihood Ratio Test (LRT)
88. LTC
acronym for Long Term Care (LTC)
89. Lumpectomy
See Breast Surgery.
90. Lung Cancer Incidence and Prevalence
In Martens et al. (2015), the weighted incidence rate of lung cancer per 100,000 person-years was calculated for survey respondents aged 12 and older one, three, five, and 10 years after survey date. Any new case diagnosed up to ten years after survey was...
91. LWT
acronym for Length of Waiting Time (LWT) After Assessment

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