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Max Rady College of Medicine

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1.	SAA acronym for Small Area Analysis (SAA)
2.	Salaried Physicians Physicians who are paid on an annual or sessional salary (rather than fee-for-service). The claims they submit are for administrative purposes only.
3.	SAMIN SAMIN is an acronym for: Social Assistance Management Information Network (SAMIN) ; and Social Allowances Management Information Network (SAMIN) Data Set. NOTE: See the
4.	Sample Weight A statistical correction factor that adjusts for sampling bias due to over- or under-representation of certain segments of a population. Using these weights ensures that all estimates can be considered representative of the entire population. The princ...
5.	SAS® SAS® is an acronym for Statistical Analysis System / Statistical Analysis Software (SAS®).
6.	Satisfaction with Life - (CCHS Survey Data) See Life Satisfaction glossary term.
7.	Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder characterized by difficulty in distinguishing between real and unreal experiences (delusions and hallucinations), thinking logically, having normal emotional responses to others, and behaving normally in social si...
8.	School Assignment School assignment refers to how students are matched to the schools they have attended or are currently attending. Researchers have measured this concept through measuring (the sub-concepts) (a) school transfers / school changes and (b) school longest at...
9.	School Catchment Area School catchment area refers to the geographical area from which students are allowed to attend a specific school.
10.	School Longest Attended Identifies the high school that a student attended for the longest period of time.
11.	School Transfers / School Changes The number of times a student changes schools that was not part of an expected progression through the grades. Expected progressions were identified when a student reached the highest grade level in a school and the next year transferred to a different sc...
12.	School Withdrawal See Withdrawn From School glossary term.
13.	Screening A process (tests, examinations or other procedures) to distinguish between well individuals who probably have (or are likely to develop) a particular disease from those who probably do not have it. This is also considered the secondary level of preventiv...
14.	Seasonal Hospital Overcrowding High-pressure periods that typically occur sometime between December and April, lasting about one to three weeks, where the number of medical patients exceed the number of available beds. In Winnipeg, most of these patients were admitted with the flue or ...
15.	SEC acronym for Socio-Economic Characteristics (SEC)
16.	Second Generation (and higher) The term "second generation" refers to individuals born inside the receiving country with a...
17.	Second-Hand Smoke at Home For more information, see Exposure to Smoke Inside the Home (CCHS Survey Data)
18.	Second-Hand Smoke Exposure This indicator measure the weighted percentage of CCHS survey respondents who answered "yes" to a question regarding smoke exposure within their home. See for more information about the CCHS question related to second-hand smoke exposure.
19.	Secondary Care Care provided by a specialist health care professional, usually after referral from a primary care physician .
20.	Secondary Data Sources These are databases that were designed for either on-going epidemiological surveillance of medical care or for administrative purposes, but are now also being used to answer research questions. For additional information, please see the
21.	Secondary Migration Secondary migration is the migration of an individual from a country of permanent residenc...
22.	Secondary Prevention A type of preventative care that identifies individuals at risk of health conditions and prevents the development or progression of the disease in those individuals. Last (2001) and Katz et al. (2004) defined secondary pr...
23.	Secular Although not a formal designation, this describes a personal care home (PCH), (or nursing home) that is not overtly, or specifically any particular religious faith.
24.	Sedentary Activities - (CCHS Survey Data) Activities that require a person to sit or stand for an extended period of time (e.g., watching television or movies, playing video games, reading, working at a computer). Leading a sedentary lifestyle, without regularly engaging in physical activity, can...
25.	SEFI acronym for Socio-Economic Factor Index (SEFI) .
26.	Seizure Disorders (Chronic Disease Algorithm) A seizure disorder is defined on the basis of a diagnosis or prescription drug for the condition. The diagnosis-based definition is at least one hospitalization or Physician Visit over one year for seizure disorder (ICD-9-CM=345: Epilepsy). The prescripti...
27.	Selected Chronic Disease Indicators A set of indicators for describing mortality rates associated with different types of chronic diseases, including: asthma (493), ischemic heart disease (410-414), diabetes (250), hypertension (401-405), emphysema (492-496), and vascular complications (430...
28.	Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) Medication used to treat a mood disorder by helping to increase the level of available serotonin in the brain. Additional Information List of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)...
29.	Self-managed Care Eligible Home Care clients take responsibility for directly managing their own non-professional health services. Other services are provided through the Home Care Program.
30.	Self-Perceived Life Stress - (CCHS Survey Data) Stress is an emotional and/or physical response by the body to any situation or thought that causes a disparity in a person's usual biological, psychological, or social systems. Stressful events can be positive, such as receiving a promotion, or negative,...
31.	Self-Perceived Unmet Healthcare Needs Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) respondents were asked "During the past 12 months, have you felt that health care was needed but not received?" The response categories were "yes" and "no".
32.	Self-Perceived Work Stress - (CCHS Survey Data) Stress in the workplace can happen when a worker experiences increased workload and demands, lack of resources, forced overtime, or if they are worried about the security of their job, and other reasons. Prolonged work-related stress can result in job dis...
33.	Self-Rated Health - (CCHS Survey Data) Self-rated health has been found to be an excellent predictor of the overall health status of the population and is correlated with other population health status measures such as premature mortality rate. It can reflect aspects of health not captured in ...
34.	Self-Rated Mental Health - (CCHS Survey Data) A person's state of psychological well-being as perceived by that person. Mental health can be affected by various social, psychological, and biological factors. Strong mental health exists when a person is able to cope with life's normal stresses, work p...
35.	Selling Price of Houses-Median The market-selling price of properties that were sold in the open market by a willing seller to a willing buyer. These arms-length transactions include sales that were offered for a reasonable period of time, whether it was through the Multiple Listing Se...
36.	Senior's Residences Based on the 1997 Winnipeg Seniors Housing Directory, senior's residences were confirmed if 85% of the population at a given postal code were 55 years of age and older. If not, they were excluded from the list.
37.	Sense of Community - (CCHS survey Data) A general feeling of belonging to one's community. It can "influence people's sense of identity and the extent to which they participate in society. Generally, a strong sense of belonging is positively associated with better self-reported physical and men...
38.	Sensitivity One of two indices (the other is specificity) used to evaluate the accuracy of a test that predicts dichotomous outcomes (e.g. logistic regression). It is the number of "true positives" (those testing positive who have the disease) divided by all those wi...
39.	Sensitivity Analysis A procedure for assessing the robustness of a model through changing parameters.
40.	Sensitivity Testing Evaluating the sensitivity of the outcome of data analysis to the assumptions underlying the analysis.
41.	Sentinel Services (Physician) For physicians, services that represents a significant proportion of the workload for a particular specialty. They are "determined by true patient need and not likely to be heavily influenced by physician discretion" (Expert Panel on Health Professional H...
42.	Separation Rates for Day Surgery The rate of hospital separations for day surgeries (in which a patient is not admitted to hospital), per 1,000 area residents in a fiscal year. Multiple admissions of the same person are counted as separate events. Values are adjusted to reflect the total...
43.	Separation Rates for Inpatient Care The rate of hospital separations for all inpatient cases (that is, those admitted to hospital for at least one day), per 1,000 area residents in a fiscal year. Multiple admissions of the same person are counted as separate events. Values are adjusted to r...
44.	Separation Rates for Long Stays (30+ days) The rate of hospital separations for stays of 30 days or more, per 1,000 area residents in a fiscal year. Personal Care Homes and hospitals dedicated to long-term care are excluded, though chronic care beds within acute care hospitals could not be accurat...
45.	Separation Rates for Short Stays (0 to 29 days) The rate of hospital separations for stays of 0 to 29 days (i.e. including day surgery cases), per 1,000 area residents in a fiscal year. The majority of hospitalizations are for short stays. Multiple admissions of the same person are counted as separate ...
46.	Separation Rates-Total The rate of hospitalizations / separations per 1,000 area residents in a fiscal year, counting all cases for which a hospital discharge abstract is created (all inpatients, whether short or long stay, plus day surgery cases). Multiple admissions of the sa...
47.	Separation(s) A separation from a health care facility occurs anytime a patient (or resident) leaves because of death, discharge, sign-out against medical advice or transfer. The number of separations is the most commonly used measure of the utilization of hospital ser...
48.	Sepsis Refers to a constellation of clinical signs (e.g., rapid heart rate, fever, elevated white blood cell count) that is due to infection.
49.	SERI acronym for Socio-Economic Risk Index (SERI)
50.	Serial Migration Serial migration refers to a sequence of at least three relocations of a person in differen...
51.	Serious Mental Health Disorder See Psychotic Disorder.
52.	Seroconversion The development of antibodies in response to an antigen, either via infection or immunization.
53.	Serodiagnostic Testing See Serology Section glossary term.
54.	Serology Section Service provider at the Cadham Provincial Laboratory. Responsibilities include: detection and determination of antigens or antibodies; screening and diagnosis of infections due to viral, bacterial, fungal, or parasitic agents; evaluating response to immun...
55.	Service Codes A numeric field identifying the hospital service(s) that the patient received while in hospital. A list of patient service codes are available in either Appendix E of the Hospital Abstract User Manual (HAUM) documentation or in the Discharge Abstract Data...
56.	Service Transfer Code A numeric field identifying additional hospital service(s) that the patient received while in a different patient service in the admitting hospital or services received upon transfer to a different institution (Canadian Institute for Health Information (C...
57.	Service Type - In Hospital A categorization of inpatient hospitalizations into different Service Types based on several criteria. In Fransoo et al. (2013), a multi-step process was used to group inpatient hospitalizations into nine Service Type categories based on age, Most Respon...
58.	Service Types - Physician Visits A numeric field identifying the type of physician service found in the Medical Services (physician visit) data.
59.	SES acronym for Socio-Economic Status (SES) .
60.	Sessional Payments These payments are for a variety of services such as total care in the community, public health, emergency rooms, intensive care units, pathology and radiology.
61.	Severe Maternal Morbidity These are additional conditions present with the mother during pregnancy that can cause complications and have an impact on the birth outcome, such as an increased maternal length of stay in hospital. In Heaman et al. (2012), they investigated and rep...
62.	Severity of Illness The severity of illness has been used as an indicator for estimating a patient's length of stay in hospital and determining a patient's need to acute hospital care. Brownell et al. (1992) based the definition of severity of illness on t...
63.	Sex-Adjusted Statistical rates that are adjusted for sex.
64.	Sex-Standardized See Sex-Adjusted and Adjusted Rates.
65.	Sexual Activity Adolescents aged 15-19 who answered "yes" to ever having sexual intercourse as reported in the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS), cycles 2.1 and 3.1.
66.	Sexually Transmitted and Blood-Borne Infections (STBBIs) Infections that are transmitted through sexual contact and/or by blood. Some sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), hepatitis B, and syphilis can also be transmitted through sharing of intravenous drug needl...
67.	Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) STIs are infections that are transmitted through sexual contact (oral, vaginal or anal) with an infected individual. Blood-borne infections are transmitted by blood. Some infections (e.g.: HIV/AIDS, hepatitis B and syphilis) are capable of being transmitt...
68.	SF-36 The SF-36 is the 36-item Short Form survey developed for the Medical Outcomes Study. It contains 36 questions about health status and functioning, developed and maintained by John E. Ware Jr. of the Institute for the Improvement of Medical Care and Health...
69.	Shadow Billing Claims (billings) submitted to the provincial government by physicians on alternate payment plans (APP) for services they provide. Unlike physician claims submitted by fee-for-service physicians for payment, these claims are for administrative purposes o...
70.	Shadow Claims See Shadow Billing.
71.	Shared Health Diagnostic Services (SHDS) Shared Health Diagnostic Services (SHDS) provides public sector laboratory testing, diagnostic imaging procedures, and non-invasive cardiac tests to Manitobans. This includes the laboratory testing services formerly provided by Diagnostic Services Manitob...
72.	Shared Health Diagnostic Services (SHDS) - Chemistry Data The Shared Health Diagnostic Services (SHDS) (formerly called Diagnostic Services Manitoba (DSM)) - Chemistry data contains summary information on laboratory tests of blood, urine, tissue and other body fluids for tests performed at labs located in Winnip...
73.	Shared Health Diagnostic Services (SHDS) - Hematology Data The Shared Health Diagnostic Services (SHDS) (formerly called Diagnostic Services Manitoba (DSM)) – Hematology data contains summary information of laboratory tests on the amount and function of blood cells, plasma and other components of blood for test...
74.	Shared Health Diagnostic Services (SHDS) - Immunology Data The Shared Health Diagnostic Services (SHDS) (formerly called Diagnostic Services Manitoba (DSM)) – Immunology data contains summary information on a wide variety of very complex immunology laboratory tests performed at labs located in Winnipeg, Manitob...
75.	Shared Health Diagnostic Services (SHDS) - Microbiology Data The Shared Health Diagnostic Services (SHDS) - Microbiology data contains summary information on microbiology testing (e.g.: bacteriology, culture and sensitivity, subcultures) performed at labs located in Winnipeg and Brandon, Manitoba. The data include...
76.	Shared Health Diagnostic Services (SHDS) - Westman Regional Laboratory Data The Shared Health Diagnostic Services (SHDS) - Westman Regional Laboratory data contains summary information on laboratory tests performed at the Westman lab located in Brandon, Manitoba. This includes chemistry, hematology and microbiology laboratory tes...
77.	Short Stay (Care) A term used to describe the period of length of stay of hospital inpatients. The definition of short stay has varied in the research conducted at the Manitoba Centre for Health Policy (MCHP): Roos et al. (1994) defined sh...
78.	Short Stay Days Usually refers to the total number of days related to inpatient hospital stays that are less than 60 days ( Brownell et al., 1996 ; Roos et al., 1994 ). This cut-off can vary with the study depending on the research question bei...
79.	Short Stay Hospitalizations Patients with a hospitalization of 30 days or less.
80.	Short Stay Inpatient Care See Acute Care.
81.	Short Term Care at Home Home Care services lasting between 1 to 60 days, that are provided to Home Care clients.
82.	Sibling Spacing Time elapsed (measured in days) between the birth of a child and the birth of his or her ...
83.	Siblings Children born to the same parents. Children with only the same mother (different father) ...
84.	Sickness Level See Resource Utilization Bands (RUBs) glossary term.
85.	Significance Testing Tests of significance are used to determine whether the outcome of a study would lead to a rejection of the null hypothesis based on a low probability (usually 5% or less) threshold called p-values . Resul...
86.	Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS I, II) A multipurpose scoring systems for intensive care unit (ICU) patients designed to provide an estimate of the probability of hospital mortality for ICU patients. Variables considered include age, comorbidities, physiological abnormalities, acute diagnosis ...
87.	Single Entry A system that admits clients to all types of continuing care only through a single assessment point.
88.	Single Event Rate Indicators A list of medical conditions where death, and for most conditions the disease itself, are preventable or avoidable so that even one case is considered to be disturbing (Carr et al., 1988 and Rustein et al., 1980).
89.	Single Parent (formerly Lone Parent) Refers to the parent of a family in which there is only one parent. Also known as lone pa...
90.	Single Parent Family (formerly Lone Parent Family) Statistics Canada defines a single parent family as a mother or a father, with no spouse ...
91.	Singleton Birth The birth of only one child during a single delivery with a gestation of 20 weeks or more. For a list of ICD codes identifying a singleton birth, please see the ICD Codes for Mother Delivery Outcomes - from Child Health Atlas Update - 2008 docum...
92.	Six Month Assessment - Insight Mentoring Program The six-month assessment used in the Insight Mentoring Program is designed to be completed by each participant's mentor every six months based on their knowledge of the participant, to track how she is progressing through the program. The questions on thi...
93.	Size for Gestational Age Size for gestational age is a measure of fetal growth, where small-for-gestational-age is considered an indicator of fetal growth restriction and a marker for increased fetal and infant mortality and morbidity risk, and large-for-gestational-age is consid...
94.	Skin Ulcers One of six diagnostic quality indicators (QIs). Events of skin ulcers were counted using the ICD-9-CM code 707 in both the medical services/physician claims data and the hospital discharge abstracta data. This definition includes events of decubitus ulcer...
95.	Small Area Analysis (SAA) A technique that uses large administrative databases to obtain population-based measures of utilization and resource allocation.
96.	Small Multi-Use Hospital A general category of hospital that have, in addition to regular hospital beds, swing beds that can provide either hospital or PCH services.
97.	Small Rural Hospital A general category within hospital types that identifies hospitals located in smaller rural areas. In Fransoo et al. (2013) this included 26 hospitals. For a list of hospitals in this category, see the hospitals listed under the heading
98.	Small-for-gestational-age (SGA) Infants that are at or below the 10th percentile in birth weight, from an infant population of the same sex and gestational age. For more detailed information, see Kramer et al. (2001) in the concept titled Size for Gestational Age.
99.	Smallpox / Monkeypox Vaccine Due to an outbreak of the Monkeypox virus across the globe in 2022, new tariff and ICD-10-CA diagnosis codes were added to certain data sets in the Manitoba Population Research Data Repository, as follows: Tariff Rates and Descriptions - a new i...
100.	Smoking - (CCHS Survey Data) Smoking is the act of inhaling tobacco smoke from cigarettes, pipes or cigars. Tobacco smoke contains nicotine, an addictive substance that causes some individuals to become addicted to smoking. Smoking damages the lungs and increases the risk of developi...
101.	Smoking-Status Categories In Martens et al. (2015), survey respondents were grouped into one of the following "smoking status" categories: current daily smoker (at time of survey), former daily smoker - recent quitter - (daily smoker five years or less before surve...
102.	SMR acronym for Standardized Mortality / Morbidity Ratio (SMR)
103.	Société franco-manitobaine An organization that officially represents the Francophone population of Manitoba. Its members endeavor to maintain the rights of Francophones and to adopt laws and government policies to ensure the vitality of the Francophone community.
104.	Social Allowances Management Information Network (SAMIN) Data Set The Social Allowances Management Information Network (SAMIN) Data Set is the name of the database that supports the Employment and Income (EIA) program. This data set is comprised of over 40 individual tables. NOTE: This data set has also been ...
105.	Social and Recreational Programs Include social programs, such as counseling programs and youth drop-ins, as well as recreation programs, such as physical activity and creative arts programs.
106.	Social and Recreational Programs Data The Social and Recreational Programs data is an aggregate collection of social, recreation, and other program information available to communities in Winnipeg. This collection was developed at MCHP to allow measurement of how social/recreational programs...
107.	Social Assistance Management Information Network (SAMIN) The SAMIN Research Data Set combines variables from the various tables in the SAMIN database into a single SAS data set. The data set contains one record per person (client) for each month that they are present in the SAMIN database by fiscal year. Some v...
108.	Social Capital Connections among individuals - social networks and the norms of reciprocity and trustworthiness that arise from them. Social capital is closely related to what some have called "civic virtue." The difference is that social capital calls attention to the ...
109.	Social Competence - Early Development Instrument (EDI) Domain A set of 26 items on the EDI used to assess a kindergarten child's readiness for school in terms of their "overall social competence, responsibility and respect, approaches to learning, readiness to explore new things" and other similar characteristics.
110.	Social Complexities Social complexities are "social conditions", such as unstable housing or poverty, that are known to influence health. Several social conditions were identified and investigated in Katz et al. (2016), to determine their influence on health. These eleven c...
111.	Social Complexity Index The Social Complexity Index comprises eight, highly correlated social complexities: high residential mobility, low income quintile, social housing resident, income assistance, teen mom, child of a teen mom, child in care, and involvement with the justice ...
112.	Social Deprivation Index A factor score derived from Census data that reflects the deprivation of relationships among individuals in the family, the workplace, and the community and includes the following indicators: proportion of the population separated, divorced, or widowed; p...
113.	Social Housing Social housing is non-profit housing often subsidized by government funds. In Manitoba, the Department of Manitoba Housing and Community Development oversees the social housing provided by the provincial government. This indicator represents the propo...
114.	Social Housing - City of Winnipeg Data The Social Housing - City of Winnipeg data contains aggregate housing indicators to allow comparison of indicators across 228 Winnipeg neighbourhoods. The following information is available: demolition orders, effective age of dwellings, occupancy (closu...
115.	Social Housing - Rent Supplements Data The Social Housing - Rent Supplements data collects information regarding a provincial supplement paid to owners/operators of private housing rental stock. The program pays the difference between the approved market rental rate and the rent-geared-to-inco...
116.	Social Isolation Inadequate social support. In Heaman et al. (2012), it describes women who lack social support and/or are experiencing seclusion in terms of culture, language, or geography as assessed by the public health nurse on the Families First Screening Form.
117.	Socio-Economic Characteristics (SEC) A module from POPULIS that examines the socio-economic characteristics of residents in the province of Manitoba, including an Age Dependency Ratio, Prototype Poor Health Status Index (PPHSI), and Socio-Economic Risk Index (SERI).
118.	Socio-Economic Factor Index (SEFI) The SEFI is a factor score derived from Census data that reflects non-medical social determinants of health and is used as a proxy measure of socioeconomic status (SES). SEFI scores less than zero indicate more favourable socioeconomic conditions, while ...
119.	Socio-Economic Indicators Twenty three socio-economic indicators can be grouped into 6 categories: dwelling characteristics, education, employment, income, mobility, and social characteristics.
120.	Socio-Economic Risk Index (SERI) A composite index of 6 measures of socio-economic status that mark environmental, household, and individual preconditions which place people at risk of poor health and therefore may identify their relative need for various types of medical care.
121.	Socio-Economic Status (SES) Characteristics of economic, social and physical environments in which individuals live and work, as well as their demographic and genetic characteristics. MCHP has used different measures of SES in its research, including: Income and Education quinti...
122.	Socioeconomic Factor Index (SEFI) - Version 2 (SEFI-2) The SEFI is a factor score derived from Census data that reflects non-medical social determinants of health and is used as a proxy measure of socioeconomic status (SES). The SEFI-2 uses the following variables to calculate an overall score: a...
123.	South Regional Health Authorities (RHAs) An aggregate geographical area, co-developed by MCHP and The Need To Know Team for use in MCHP research, which includes all of the Regional Health Authorities (RHAs) in southern Manitoba except the two urban cen...
124.	South West Regional Health Authorities (RHAs) An aggregate geographical area including all of the the Regional Health Authorities (RHAs) in Southwestern Manitoba - Central, Assiniboine, and Brandon.
125.	Spatial Analysis The study of human activity (e.g. utilization of hospital resources) within a defined space or geographical area. This particular term is not generally used in MCHP literature though this type of analysis is part of most of our research.
126.	Spearman's Rank-Order Correlation A correlation coefficient used to describe the degree of relationship between a predictor and outcome variable when they have both been measured on ordinal scales.
127.	Special Authority Policies Allows for coverage of only those patients who meet clinical criteria known to render higher priced medicines cost-effective.
128.	Special Call Claims Special call claims are generated when the physician is required to make a special trip, over and above the physician's regular routine, to attend to a patient (e.g. home visit, or in either the emergency or out-patient department of a hospital). Special ...
129.	Special Care Unit (SCU) Inpatient units specifically designed, staffed and equipped for the continuous observation and treatment of critically ill patients, including all types of intensive care units, as well as intermediate care or step-down units. For a list of SCU Codes a...
130.	Special Education Funding See Level II and III Funding glossary term.
131.	Special Needs Children in Manitoba Education "Special Needs" may refer to numerous disorders affecting an individual's ability to learn and/or function appropriately in school, such as Autism Spectrum Disorder, hearing or vision impairment, and emotional/behavioural disorder. For more information...
132.	Specialist (physician) See Specialist Physicians glossary term.
133.	Specialist Contact Rate Ambulatory specialist contacts are visits provided by specialist physicians, including the use of specialists for consultations, as well as for follow-up care. The visits can be initiated by the patient's family doctor, another specialist, or by the patie...
134.	Specialist Physicians (SP) Specialists are physicians whose practices are focused on a specific area of medicine in which they have undergone additional training. They can be identified by a code value in the MDBLOC variable in the
135.	Specialist Visit Rates Number of ambulatory specialist visits per person-year in 2009/10 and 2014/15. Excludes General practice and Non-Ambulatory Specialists (Radiology and Anaesthesia)
136.	Specialist Visits See Ambulatory Visit Rates to Specialists.
137.	Specialists See Specialist Physicians glossary term.
138.	Specific Case Costs Estimated costs based on multiplying a given case weight by the Cost per Weighted Case (CWC) in the hospital where the care was provided.
139.	Specificity One of two indices (the other is sensitivity) used to evaluate the accuracy of a test that predicts dichotomous outcomes (e.g. logistic regression). It is the number of "true negatives" (those testing negative who do not have the disease) divided by all t...
140.	Spirometry Measurement of forced expiration volume in lungs and forced vital capacity.
141.	Spontaneous Abortion "Abortion that occurs naturally. Also called miscarriage." (Olds SB et al., 2004). In Heaman et al. (2012), a spontaneous abortion was determined by the ICD-9-CM codes of 634, 637 or 656.4 or the ICD-10-CA codes of O03 or O36.4.
142.	Spontaneous Vaginal Birth A vaginal birth that is not coded as a caesarean birth (C-section) and not assisted by forceps or vacuum extraction.
143.	Spouse The term spouse refers to a marriage or common-law partner. This can include both opposit...
144.	Standard Cost List A set of recommended costs for a selected group of services. See the glossary term Manitoba Cost List for more information and links to the Manitoba Cost List documents.
145.	Standard Costs An average cost (versus micro-cost or user-specific cost) per service provided. Also described as a recommended (standard) cost for any given service (Jacobs et al., 1999). Standard costs are used in economic evaluation studies to ensure that the study re...
146.	Standard Error In statistics, the standard error of a measurement, value or quantity is the standard deviation of the process by which it was generated, after adjusting for sample size. In other words the standard error is the standard deviation of the sample mean. The ...
147.	Standard Geographical Classification System Statistics Canada's official system of classifying geographical areas in Canada; it represents a variety of different levels of geographical aggregation. It is frequently used for geocoding population-level data.
148.	Standardization The process of adjusting outcomes to account for their differences in confounding characteristics.
149.	Standardized Inpatient A hypothetical inpatient with a resource intensity weight (RIW)™ of 1; this calculation allows fair cost comparisons between hospitals.
150.	Standardized Mortality / Morbidity Ratio (SMR) "The ratio of the observed to the expected number of cases."
151.	Standardized Mortality / Morbidity Ratio (SMR) - Low The SMR provides a direct comparison to the standard population, using the region with the lowest indirect adjusted rate as the comparison, instead of the provincial average.
152.	Standardized Mortality / Morbidity Ratio (SMR) - Province The SMR provides a direct comparison to the standard population, in this case, the entire province of Manitoba.
153.	Standardized Mortality Ratio (0-64 Years) The mortality rate for ages 0 - 64 years, adjusted to the provincial population and indexed to the provincial rate.
154.	Standardized Mortality Ratio (0-74 Years) The mortality rate for ages 0 - 74 years. It is commonly referred to as a measure of premature mortality.
155.	Standardized Rates see Rate Standardization.
156.	Standardized Scores Variable scores adjusted for the mean and standard deviation of the variable for which they are calculated. After the mean is subtracted from a score, it is divided by the standard deviation, resulting in a sample with a mean of zero and a standard deviat...
157.	Standards Tests / Achievement Tests Standards Tests / Achievement Tests are common provincial exams written by students in Manitoba in certain grades. Over time, this has included grade 3 and grade 12 students, but the grade 3 tests have been discontinued. For Grade 12 students, Manitoba ha...
158.	Statin Use The percentage of residents who received at least one prescription for statins (Anatomical Therapeutic Classification (ATC) code C10AA) in a fiscal year. Values are adjusted to reflect the total population of Manitoba (males and females combined).
159.	Statistical Analysis System / Statistical Analysis Software (SAS®) A statistical software package for analyzing data. Originally called Statistical Analysis System, it has also been referred to as Statistical Analysis Software and is now referred to simply as SAS®. Source for original acronym description: S...
160.	Statistical Testing Statistical testing was performed via contrasts in the model to determine whether regional rates were statistically significantly different from the Manitoba rate for a given time period, and whether rates over time were statistically significantly differ...
161.	Statistically Significant A term used when the probability that an observed significant result would have occurred by chance is very small (usually 5% or less). Statistically significant results are often reported along with p-values, which express the level of certainty that the ...
162.	Statistics Canada Statistics Canada (or Stats Can) is a federal government agency commissioned with producing statistics to help better understand Canada's population, resources, economy, society and culture. See
163.	Status Indian An Indian person who is registered under the 1876 Indian Act. The Act sets out the requirements for determining who is a Status Indian. Individuals that are Status Indians may also be Treaty Indians.
164.	Status Verification System (SVS) The Status Verification System (SVS) is a national database maintained by the First Nations and Inuit Health Branch (FNIHB) headquarters that contains a complete list of Registered Indians and recognized Innu/Inuit clients eligible for benefits under Non-...
165.	Stay The length of time (usually in days) that a patient is admitted in a hospital or another type of facility.
166.	Stent Insertion A procedure, technically called "stenting", in which an artificial "tube" is inserted into an artery, blood vessel, or other duct to keep it open during treatment to improve flow. For example, during angioplasty, a cardiac stent (a small lattice-shaped me...
167.	Step-Down Approach The step-down approach proposes that patients should initially be treated with more powerful and costly alternatives, only being stepped-down to a less intensive intervention in strictly defined circumstances. The principal problem inherent in this approa...
168.	Step-Down Unit See Intermediate Care Unit.
169.	Step-Up Approach The step-up approach follows the principle of applying the minimum pharmacological force necessary to achieve a stated therapeutic objective. The step-up approach is in contrast to the Step-Down Approach.
170.	Stepfamily / Blended Family A stepfamily is ‘a couple family containing one or more children, at least one of whom ...
171.	Stepwise Logistic Regression A regression technique used when the outcome is a binary, or dichotomous, variable. Logistic regression models the probability of an event as a function of other factors. Stepwise logistic regression involves the stepwise (or one-by-one) selection of vari...
172.	Sterilization This is the rate of sterilization surgery (tubal ligation for females; vasectomy for males) over a five year period per 1,000 area residents. Values are adjusted to reflect the 20-55 year old population of Manitoba (males and females combined). Vasectomie...
173.	Stillbirth Death of a baby before delivery. Also referred to as Stillborn or fetal death. In Heaman et al. (2012), a stillbirth was identified as a fetal death with a gestation of 20 weeks or greater or a birth weight of at least 500 grams. In Brownell et al. (2...
174.	Stillborn Birth A fetus weighing 500 g or more, or of gestational age 20 weeks or more with no sign of life after birth.
175.	Stillborn Birth Rate The ratio of the number of stillborn babies to the number of live born.
176.	Story Time Library Programs A half-hour program held at Winnipeg Public Library branches for children 3 to 5 years of age. Books are presented in creative ways, such as with action rhymes or finger plays, and children are encouraged to check out library books to take home to read.
177.	Strength the potency of the drug/chemical, usually measured in metric weight (e.g., micrograms, milligrams, grams) and described as the strength of the product's active (medicinal) ingredient. There are two sources available for identifying the strength of a drug:...
178.	Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) is one of the most commonly used instruments for screening psychopathology in children and adolescents. In Brownell et al. (2018), they evaluated the hypothesized five-factor structure of the SDQ and exam...
179.	Streptococcus pneumoniae A significant human pathogenic bacterium that causes respiratory infections in children and adults and is a leading cause of meningitis, bacterial pneumonia, and acute otitis media (inner ear infection).
180.	Stroke (CVA) / Vascular Disease The rapidly developing loss of brain function due to an interruption in the supply of blood to the brain. A stroke occurs when there is a sudden death of brain cells due to a lack of oxygen when the blood flow to the brain is impaired by blockage or ruptu...
181.	Stroke Incidence (Hospitalization or Death) The rate of hospitalization or death due to stroke over a five year period per 1,000 residents age 40 or older. Stroke is defined by ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes 431, 434, or 436 in the most responsible diagnosis field for hospitalization, or as the cause of ...
182.	Strongly-Smoking-Associated-Cancer Incidence Strongly-smoking-associated cancers include the following sites: esophagus, larynx, lung and bronchus, and oropharynx. See below for a list of ICD-O-3 (ICD-Oncology, version 3) codes used to identify specific cancer sites. Cance...
183.	Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) Sometimes known as simultaneous equation modeling or analysis of covariance structures, it is a statistical technique for modeling complex relationships among variables. Some of the variables in SEM can be unobserved (latent). A response variable in one r...
184.	Structural Quality Indicators (QIs) Indicators that define if a healthcare facility has proper standards in place to facilitate the appropriate delivery of healthcare. Examples of structural QIs include having staff with appropriate training and credentials, ensuring that facility space and...
185.	Structure The organizational factors of the system in which the care is delivered, having a major impact upon access to care. One of three categories used for measuring of quality of care, it includes physician characteristics (resources, organization, and manageme...
186.	Substance Abuse Prevalence The percent of residents aged 10 and older with substance abuse indication, measured over two 5-year periods. For more detailed information including the data sources and applicable ICD diagnosis codes, see the Subst...
187.	Substance Use by Mother During Pregnancy This is a dichotomous measure of whether a mother used any substances (e.g., alcohol, illegal drugs, smoking) during her pregnancy. This measure was derived from hospital abstracts and physician visits data (see the Sub...
188.	Substance Use Disorders / Substance Abuse Substance use disorders / substance abuse are characterized by the excess use of and reliance on a drug, alcohol, or other chemical that leads to severe negative effects on the individual's health and well-being or to the welfare of others. For more de...
189.	Substantiated Child Maltreatment A case is considered substantiated if the balance of evidence indicates that abuse or neglect has occurred . Alternatively, a case is suspected if there is not enough evidence to substantiate maltreatment, but maltreatment cannot be ruled out. Lastly, a c...
190.	Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) Sudden and unexpected death of an apparently healthy baby under one year of age. Such deaths usually occur while the child is sleeping and remain unexplained even after a full investigation ( Health Canada, 2005 ).
191.	Suicidal Individuals Suicidal individuals are individuals aged 10 years or more who attempted or completed suicide within a five-year period, and were identified by the presence of any specified ICD-9-CM or ICD-10 codes in Vital Statistics records, medical services/physician ...
192.	Suicide Suicide is the act of intentionally killing oneself. For the purposes of MCHP research, suicide was defined as the presence of any cause of death in Vital Statistics data with a code of suicide, self-inflicted injury, or accidental poisoning codes using e...
193.	Suicide Attempters Suicide attempters are individuals aged 10 years or more who attempted suicide at least once in a five-year period, and were identified by the presence of any specific suicide related codes of ICD-9-CM or ICD-10 in Vital Statistics (Mortality) data, Medic...
194.	Suicide Attempts Suicide attempt, also known as "self-inflicted injury" or para-suicide, does not result in death (Martens et al., 2010). In Martens et al. (2004), suicide attempts were defined as the presence of any codes identifying a suicide attempt using definition...
195.	Suicide Prevalence (Attempts or Death) This indicator measures the proportion of the population that committed or attempted suicide. The crude and adjusted annual prevalence of suicide or suicide attempts for residents aged 10 and older was measured for ten calendar years. The most recent even...
196.	Suicide Rate This measures the crude and adjusted suicide rate for residents aged 10 and older over a ten year period. Suicides were defined as any death record in Vital Statistics data. See Suicide and Attempted Suicide (Intentional Self Inflicted Injury) c...
197.	Support Services Support services are services provided by Child and Family Services to challenged families in need of support. The services can include counselling, guidance, support, education and emergency shelter services to aid the resolution of family matters. In co...
198.	Support to Seniors Program Helps seniors remain independent in the community. Funding is provided to encourage the development of Support Services initiatives at the community level. Flexibility in policy allows for variations in communities and promotes a sense of local ownership,...
199.	Supportive Housing Supportive housing is an intermediate care option between living in one's own home and moving into a Personal Care Home. Supportive housing tenants live in their own apartment but within a group community setting. Typically, tenants require help with meal...
200.	Supportive Housing Data The Supportive Housing data include records of supportive housing residents and applications for residency in the Winnipeg region. Residences combine apartment living, services such as meals and homemaking, and access to 24-hour support care and supervisi...
201.	Suppressed See Data Suppression. In Fransoo et al. (2013), data were also suppressed if the length of stay in hospital was one day or less. Data in some tables were suppressed when the actual count was zero.
202.	Suppression See Data Suppression.
203.	Surgery - Time To / From Describes how pre-operative and post-operative length of stay is calculated.
204.	Surgery Dates The hospital discharge abstract contains space for recording information (e.g.: surgery code and date of surgery) during a hospital stay as either inpatient or outpatient. For data up to the end of fiscal year 2003/04, this includes up to 12 procedures us...
205.	Surgical Conditions One of three categories used when dividing inpatient hospital care according to variability. It includes both pediatric and adult inpatient (but not outpatient) surgical cases, that as a group, typically show less variability than high variation medical c...
206.	Surgical Days The number of days in hospital that a patient is assessed as a surgical patient, according to the most responsible diagnosis.
207.	Surgical Facilities Regulation Came into affect January 1, 1999 under the Health Services Insurance Act. It prohibits private clinics from extra billing of patients for overhead and support services. Instead, the Manitoba Government will pay facility fees for all medically insured serv...
208.	Surgical Intervention (Cancer Treatment) Surgical intervention is a type of cancer treatment that uses surgical procedures (e.g.: biopsy, destruction or removal of tissue) to manage or treat certain types of cancer. For more information, including the ICD-9-CM and CCI codes used to identify t...
209.	Surgical Outpatients Patients who receive surgical care as an outpatient (i.e. care that falls into one of the surgical DRG categories). Includes surgical procedures that could have been alternately performed on an inpatient basis (e.g. cataract surgery and hernia repair), bu...
210.	Surgical Service Type An inpatient hospitalization where the main reason for the hospital stay was an intervention for treatment of a disease or injury. In Fransoo et al. (2013), Surgical hospitalizations were defined by Surgical Case Mix Group (CMG™) codes. See
211.	Survey Data Collected through a research design in which a sample of subjects is drawn from a population and studied (usually interviewed) to make inferences about the population.
212.	Survey Data Used at MCHP Data from several publicly accessible surveys have been used in MCHP research. These include: Canada Census Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) ** Manitoba Heart Health Survey (MHHS)National Longitudinal Survey of Child...
213.	Survival Analysis Analysis of data that deals with time until the occurrence of any well-defined event, such as death.
214.	SVS acronym for Status Verification System (SVS) files
215.	Syphilis Infectious disease that may be transmitted through sexual contact, contaminated needles, or may be transmitted in utero. Symptoms can occur within a few weeks or a couple of months after infection. The first symptom may be a painless, open sore or ulcer (...

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