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Max Rady College of Medicine

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1.	A2RAs acronym for Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists (A2RAs)
2.	Aboriginal and Northern Affairs Development Canada (AANDC) Aboriginal and Northern Affairs Development Canada (AANDC) is "A federal government department that is responsible for meeting the obligations and commitments of the Government of Canada to First Nations, Inuit and Métis, and for fulfilling the constitut...
3.	Aboriginal Peoples The descendants of the original inhabitants of North America. The Canadian Constitution recognizes three groups of Aboriginal people -- Indians, Métis and Inuit. These are three separate people with unique heritages, languages, cultural practices a...
4.	Abortion "Loss of pregnancy before the fetus is viable outside the uterus; miscarriage." (Olds, SB. et al., 2004). For a list of abortion and ectopic pregnancy diagnosis and procedure/intervention codes used in Brownell et al. (2008) see the
5.	Abruptio Placenta "Partial or total premature separation of a normally implanted placenta." (Olds SB et al., 2004). In Heaman et al. (2012), a woman was considered to have had a placenta previa/abruptio placenta diagnosis if the ICD-10-CA code of O44 or O45 was present.
6.	Absent For students who were supposed to write a standards exam, an outcome of "absent" was assigned when the students were absent on the day or days of the exam (for example, due to illness or medical condition).
7.	Academic Year / School Year The period of time each year when most Kindergarten to grade 12 students attend school sessions, usually from early September to late June. The terms Academic Year and School Year have been used interchangeably in MCHP research. From a programming pers...
8.	Access to Home Care As a measure of home care use, three measures were developed to measure the populations access to home care: 1) Percent of residents in Home Care; 2) Number of new home care clients; and 3) Number of days registered with the home care program (duration).
9.	Access to Hospital Services An indication of the extent to which individuals receive necessary medical care, determined by rates of persons who use specific services in the population. The following 3 indicators are available: 1). rate of persons using very high intensity of care (I...
10.	Access to Pharmaceutical Care The percentage of individuals who receive at least one prescription during the year. To measure trends of pharmaceutical use and cost, Morgan et al. (2003) defined access as the number of discrete patients filling one or more prescriptio...
11.	Access to Physician Services The proportion of people who make at least one ambulatory physician visit throughout the year.
12.	Accidental Falls One of six diagnostic quality indicators (QIs). Events of accidental falls were counted using the ICD-9-CM external cause of injury codes ('E' codes) 880 through 888 in the hospital discharge abstracts data only. An ICD-9-CM 'E' code represents environmen...
13.	Accidental Puncture or Laceration An accidental puncture or laceration is an unintended cut, puncture, perforation or laceration of tissue during a surgical procedure.
14.	Accuracy "... is the degree to which the information correctly describes the phenomena it was designed to measure. It is usually characterized in terms of error in statistical estimates and is traditionally decomposed into bias (systematic error) and variance (ran...
15.	ACEIs acronym for Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEIs)
16.	Acellular Pertussis (aP) Vaccine A vaccine to protect against illness due to whooping cough (pertussis); it is a more purified product than the whole cell vaccine, containing only specific proteins as opposed to entire cells.
17.	Acellular Pertussis Immunization See Acellular Pertussis (aP) Vaccine glossary term.
18.	ACG® acronym for the Johns Hopkins Adjusted Clinical Group® (ACG®) Case-Mix System.
19.	ACPWC acronym for Average Cost Per Weighted Case (ACPWC)
20.	ACS acronym for Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) AND Ambulatory Care Sensitive (ACS) Conditions
21.	Active Ingredient The medicinal components of a drug. The names and strengths of active ingredient(s) contained in a product are available for some products through the Drug Product Database.
22.	Activities of Daily Living (ADL) A defined set of activities (e.g.: movement in bed, transfers, locomotion, dressing, personal hygiene, and feeding) necessary for normal self-care. An individual's ability to perform ADLs is important for determining their required type of long-term care ...
23.	Activities of Daily Living Hierarchy Scale (ADL-H) A scale used to measure an individual's degree of dependence in ADLs: Early-loss ADLs (dressing, bathing and personal hygiene) are assigned lower scores than middle-loss ADLs (locomotion, transfers, and toilet use), which are assigned lower scores than la...
24.	Activity Restrictions - (CCHS Survey Data) This is a derived variable from the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) that combines a number of questions on activity restrictions. This variable is a crude measure of the impact of long-term physical conditions, mental conditions, and health proble...
25.	Actual Acquisition Cost Policy A drug reimbursement policy that pays pharmacies/retailers an amount equal to their acquisition cost plus a negotiated mark-up.
26.	Actual Bed Supply The number of hospital beds per 1000 population.
27.	Acuity The measure of the severity of injury and of the need for hospitalization. InterQual Criteria have sometimes been used to determine acuity.
28.	Acute Admissions Generally admission to an acute care facility with a primary service code other than those for long term care. This can be for both physical injury or mental health disorders.
29.	Acute Care Care provided to patients who are acutely ill and require medical care or surgery for treatment of a disease or severe illness. Acute care patients are typically hospitalized for a short period of time, and discharged or transferred to a secondary care se...
30.	Acute Care Admissions See Acute Admissions .
31.	Acute Care Facilities See Acute Care Hospitals glossary term.
32.	Acute Care Hospital Services Measures of health care utilization represented by three separate rates: 1) The rate of hospital admission per 1000 persons, 2) the average length of stay per hospital admission, and 3) total days of hospital care per 1000 persons.
33.	Acute Care Hospitals Hospitals providing acute care services such as emergency services and general medical and surgical treatment for acute disorders. Excludes long term and rehabilitation hospitals (e.g., Deer Lodge, Riverview) and special purpose facilities such as the Man...
34.	Acute Conditions Medical conditions characterized by severe symptoms and a short time frame.
35.	Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) An acute clinical syndrome due to inadequate supply of oxygen to the heart muscle, including unstable angina, non ST segment elevation myocardial infarction and ST segment elevation infarction.
36.	Acute Disease A disease that is characterized by a sudden onset, a sharp rise, and short course.
37.	Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (EMA) A neurological disorder characterized by inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, which often occurs after a viral infection but may appear following a vaccination.
38.	Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) Also known as a heart attack, a myocardial infarction occurs when the heart muscle (the myocardium) experiences sudden (acute) deprivation of circulating blood. The interruption of blood is usually caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries leading to a...
39.	Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) Rates The number of hospitalizations or deaths due to acute myocardial infarction (also known as heart attack) expressed as a rate per 1,000 residents aged 40 and older during two 5-year periods. Please read the Ac...
40.	Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II), is a severity-of-disease classification system calculated using information (values of 12 clinical measurements) from the first 24 hours after admission to an intensive care unit (ICU). This s...
41.	Acute Physiology Score (APS) A component of the APACHE II classification system which measures the physiological condition of the critically ill patients in intensive care units.
42.	Acute/Acuteness Patients assessed as requiring the level of health care services that can only be provided in an acute care hospital, as determined through InterQual criteria.
43.	ADCI acronym for Atypical Diagnostic Coding Index (ADCI)
44.	ADD/ADHD acronym for Attention Deficit Disorder / Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADD/ADHD)
45.	Addiction Severity Index (ASI) The Addiction Severity Index (ASI) is a validated, standardized tool used frequently with adults seeking treatment for substance-use problems and has been used both for treatment planning and outcome evaluation. It was modified for use with pregnant and p...
46.	Adenoidectomy See Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy .
47.	Adequate Prenatal Care This indicator measures the percent of women who were pregnant and received adequate prenatal care, according to the Revised-Graduated Prenatal Care Utilization Index (R-GINDEX). Please see the
48.	ADG acronym for Aggregated Diagnosis Group (ADG) AND Ambulatory Diagnostic Groups (ADG) (the former title of Aggregated Diagnosis Group).
49.	Adjusted Standardized across groups, in order to allow for comparison across groups. For example, prevalence or rate of an area may be adjusted by age and sex so as to provide an estimate of what an area's prevalence or rate might have been if that area's age and ...
50.	Adjusted Clinical Group ® (ACG®) Case-Mix System The Johns Hopkins Adjusted Clinical Group® (ACG®) Case-Mix System is a risk adjustment tool developed to measure the illness burden (morbidity) of individual patients and enrolled populations. This system quantifies morbidity by grouping individua...
51.	Adjusted Clinical Group® (ACG®) Morbidity Index See Morbidity Index (ACG®-based) .
52.	Adjusted Mortality Ratio (AMR) See Standardized Mortality / Morbidity Ratio (SMR) .
53.	Adjusted Rates Adjusted rates are crude rate values that are statistically adjusted to control for different age and sex distributions among groups (e.g.: across health regions, community areas, income quintiles, community areas, or Resource Utilization Bands (RUBs)) to...
54.	ADL acronym for Activities of Daily Living (ADL)
55.	Administrative Costs Costs associated with running a facility (e.g. hospital) that are not directly applicable to patient care.
56.	Administrative Data Administrative data refers to information collected "usually by government, for some administrative purpose (e.g., keeping track of the population eligible for certain benefits, paying doctors or hospitals), but not primarily for research or surveillance ...
57.	Administrative Health Data Administrative health data is generated through the routine administration of health care programs. Administrative health databases, developed by provincial governments as a result of universal medical care insurance, are designed to collect and store thi...
58.	Admission Admission to a facility such as hospital, Personal Care Home (PCH), or mental health care facility. Note that admissions to nursing homes include all first-time admissions as well as those whose status change from Respite Care to a long term PCH admission...
59.	Admission Diagnosis Diagnosis given to patient on admission to hospital. Note : Hospital discharge abstracts usually also record the most responsible diagnosis in the first field. These diagnoses are often coded using the International Classification of Disease (ICD) s...
60.	Admission to Personal Care Home (PCH) This indicator measures the age- and sex-adjusted average annual percent of residents 75 and older who were admitted to a personal care home (PCH), according to where they lived prior to being admitted to a PCH. In Frohlich et al. (2001), five years of...
61.	Admission, Discharge and Transfer (ADT) Database The Admission, Discharge and Transfer (ADT) Database contains a record of all admissions, discharges and transfers to acute care facilities in Manitoba from April 2017 forward to the date of the last data acquisition. For more information on the Admiss...
62.	Admission, Discharge, Transfer (ADT) dataset (ED/UC) Contains information about the patient and the visit, for example, basic patient demographics (e.g., age, sex, postal code), status of patient at admission (i.e., triage code), when the visit was made (date and time), and what happened to the patient at t...
63.	Adolescent Alcohol Consumption - (CCHS Survey Data) The consumption of one or more alcoholic beverages by an adolescent aged 12 to 19 years in the span of one year. A typical alcoholic drink is equal to 12-ounces of beer, 5-ounces of wine, or 1.5 ounces of liquor (gin, rum, vodka, whisky, etc.; Cent...
64.	Adolescent Drinking - (CCHS Survey Data) In the CCHS, respondents aged 12-19 were asked the question, "During the past 12 months, have you had a drink of beer, wine, liquor or any other alcoholic beverage?" Respondents could answer yes, no, don't know, refuse, or not state an answer. Respondents...
65.	Adolescent Sexual Behavior - (CCHS Survey Data) In the CCHS, respondents aged 15-19 were asked the question, "Have you ever had sexual intercourse?" (Possible responses include yes, no, don't know, or refuse to answer.) Respondents who answered yes were then asked the following questions: i) "In the pa...
66.	Adolescent Smoking - (CCHS Survey Data) In the CCHS, respondents aged 12-19 were asked the question, "In your lifetime, have you smoked a total of 100 or more cigarettes (about 4 packs)?" Possible responses include yes, no, don't know, or refuse to answer. Respondents who answered no were then ...
67.	Adult Day Care Care provided for daytime socialization and supervised recreation to persons receiving or eligible for Home Care. Provided through approved Adult Day Care programs in personal care homes or in the community.
68.	Adult Day Hospital A "step down" unit following hospitalization with a rehabilitation/therapy focus.
69.	Adult Influenza Immunization See Trivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccine (TIV) glossary term for more clinical information. See Immunizations for Influenza (Adult) glossary term for a list of tariff codes used to identify influenza vaccines.
70.	Adult Learning In Manitoba, adult learning students are typically older than 21 years of age and are registered as S4 (Senior 4 - Grade 12) students. However, there are exceptions to this. Programs are administered by Adult Learning and Literacy (ALL).
71.	Adult Learning Centres Colleges, community centres and organizations affiliated with Adult Learning and Literacy in Manitoba that offer adult learning programs. These programs are designed to help adults (19 years of age and older) obtain a Mature Student High School Diploma, t...
72.	Adults Individuals aged 15 or over are usually grouped as adults. Some studies use those aged 18 years or older.
73.	Adverse Event An adverse event is an injury caused by medical management rather than by the underlying disease or condition of the patient. Adverse events may be avoidable, such as leaving a foreign object in a patient after a procedure, or unavoidable, such as an alle...
74.	Adverse Events Following Immunization (AEFI) Any undesirable or unexpected event that occurs following immunization, which may or may not be caused by the administration of the vaccine.
75.	Age The age of an individual that is calculated at some point in time (i.e.: age at admission, age at time of claim date, age as of December 31, age as of the survey date), and is usually measured in years.
76.	Age - proportion of the population in a certain age group Two age-based proportions are used: the proportion of the population age 65 and over, and age 75 and over. This is calculated by dividing the number of people in the designated age group by the total number of people living in the geographic area, as of a...
77.	Age Calculations See Age .
78.	Age Cohort see Birth Cohort / Age Cohort .
79.	Age Dependency Ratio Statistics Canada defined, in the 1986 census, it as the ratio of the number of people within a region aged 65 years or older to the number of people aged 15-64 years within the same region.
80.	Age Group A defined age group is often part of the eligibility criteria for a research study. Selecting eligible age groups for a study depends upon the research question and the available data. For example, for certain disease categories, the event may be rare in...
81.	Age-Adjusted Statistical rates that are adjusted for age to allow populations with different age profiles to be compared. See Adjusted Rates glossary term for more information.
82.	Age-Adjusted Mortality Age-adjusted mortality is an indicator of death rates across the population, adjusted so that comparisons can be made across provinces with different population structures. It is usually measured per 1,000,000 population and is used as an indicator of hea...
83.	Age-Adjusted Rate See Age-Adjusted glossary term.
84.	Age-Appropriate Grade Placement In Manitoba, age-appropriate grade placement depends on both the month and year in which a child is born. Currently, for a child to be age-appropriately placed in Grade 1, the child must turn 6 by December 31st of their Grade 1 year. The age-appropriate ...
85.	Age-Specific Mortality Rate The number of deaths in a particular age group in a given region, divided by the number of persons in that age group in that region.
86.	Age-Standardized See Age-Adjusted and Adjusted Rates.
87.	Aggregate Regions Aggregate geographical areas that encompass one or more Regional Health Authority (RHA). These regions include Winnipeg, Brandon, Rural South, Mid, and North.
88.	Aggregated Diagnosis Groups ™ (ADGs®) Formerly known as Ambulatory Diagnostic Groups, Aggregated Diagnosis Groups (ADGs) continue to be part of the Johns Hopkins Adjusted Clinical Group® (ACG®) case-mix system. The ACG System groups every ICD-9 and ICD-10 diagnosis code assigned to a ...
89.	Aging in Place A strategy implemented by Manitoba Health to expand the types of support available to older adults, so that the type of care they receive is best matched to their needs. As a major component of this strategy, the extent of support and assistance people re...
90.	AHFS acronym for American Hospital Formulary Service (AHFS) Pharmacologic-Therapeutic Classification System
91.	Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) A criterion used to measure the relative goodness of fit of a statistical model (i.e. how well a model fits the observed data). Given a particular dataset, potential models can be ranked according to their AIC values in order for one to be selected.
92.	Albumin-Creatinine Ratio (ACR) The Albumin-Creatinine Ratio (ACR) is used to measure the results of a lab test for proteinuria related to chronic kidney disease (CKD). Using the Diagnostic Services Manitoba (DSM) - Chemistry Data (** s...
93.	Albuminuria The most common kind of proteinuria, characterized by high levels of albumin (protein) in the urine (KDIGO, 2012; Miller & Keane, 2003).
94.	ALC acronym for Alternate Level of Care (ALC)
95.	ALC (Alternate Level of Care) Days of Hospital Care The number of days in hospital the patient was designated as alternate level of care (ALC). This can be the entire length of stay, or only a portion of the hospital stay (Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI), 2010).
96.	ALC (Alternate Level of Care) Hospitalization Hospitalizations that include some portion of the length of stay designated as alternate level of care (ALC). Note that patients can be admitted as ALC, or can change designation from acute care to ALC (Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI), 20...
97.	ALC (Alternate Level of Care) Reason Code In Manitoba there are five major categories (each with additional detailed codes) of ALC Reason Codes for why a patient is designated as ALC, and each patient can be assigned up to three ALC Reason Codes in one hospitalization. The major category codes ar...
98.	Alcohol Dependence Can be measured using questions from the Canadian Community Health Survey 1.1 designed to assess alcohol dependence based on Criterion A and Criterion B of the DSM-III-R diagnosis for psychoactive substance use disorder.
99.	Algorithm "A procedure or formula for soliving a problem." ( Definition from Whatis.com: http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci211545,00.html - accessed Jan 22, 2010).
100.	All Cause Five-Year Mortality Rates for Individuals with Cumulative Mental Illness This is the age- and sex-adjusted mortality rate (given as a percentage, i.e., deaths per 100) for residents aged 19 and older with cumulative mental illness disorders. A cohort diagnosed or treated for one or more of depression, anxiety disorders, su...
101.	All Cause Five-Year Mortality Rates for Individuals with Diabetes This is the age- and sex-adjusted mortality rate (given as a percentage, i.e., deaths per 100) for residents aged 19 and older with diabetes. A cohort diagnosed or treated for diabetes was identified using three fiscal years of data (1999/00-2001/02)-...
102.	All Injuries Describes a grouping of all the different types of injury indicators and their ICD-9-CM codes: motor vehicle (E810-819), falls (E880-888), vehicular non-traffic (E820-E829), drowning (E910-E915), poisoning (E850-E869), fire (E890-899), suicide (E950-E959)...
103.	ALOS acronym for Average Length Of Stay (ALOS)
104.	Alternate Level of Care (ALC) In Fransoo et al. (2013), alternate level of care (ALC) is defined as follows ... a patient may be designated as ALC if he or she is occupying an acute care hospital bed but is no longer acutely ill and does not require the intensity of resources and serv...
105.	Alternate Level of Care (ALC) Criteria Guidelines developed by HSURC (Health Services Utilization and Research Commission) of Saskatchewan that were adopted and modified to Manitoba conditions, for the development of 13 Alternate Levels of Care (ALC).
106.	Alternate Payment Plan (APP) Type of compensation for physicians who are not paid on a fee-for-service basis but are either salaried, sessional, or hired on contract. These physicians submit claims (shadow billings) for administrative purposes only.
107.	Alternative Services Health care services other than those provided by hospitals.
108.	Alzheimer / Dementia Disorders "Alzheimer's disease (AD) ... is the most common form of dementia." ( Wikipedia - Alzheimer's disease - accessed October 5, 2010). See
109.	Ambulatory (walk-in) Consultations See Consultations .
110.	Ambulatory (walk-in) Visits See Ambulatory Visits - Physician.
111.	Ambulatory Care Medical services provided on an outpatient service. This includes: day surgery procedures, emergency department services and services provided in outpatient clinics such as rehabilitation and diagnostic services. In previous research, this term was use...
112.	Ambulatory Care Group See the Johns Hopkins Adjusted Clinical Group® (ACG®) Case-Mix System glossary term.
113.	Ambulatory Care Physician Visits see Ambulatory Visits - Physician.
114.	Ambulatory Care Sensitive (ACS) Conditions A set of 28 medical conditions / diagnoses "for which timely and effective outpatient care can help to reduce the risks of hospitalization by either preventing the onset of an illness or condition, controlling an acute episodic illness or condition, or...
115.	Ambulatory Care Visit See Ambulatory Visits - Physician.
116.	Ambulatory Consultation Rate The average number of ambulatory consultations per resident (all ages) in a given year. Consultations are a subset of ambulatory visits: they occur when one provider refers a patient to another provider (usually a specialist or surgeon) because of the com...
117.	Ambulatory Consultation Visit Rates Number of ambulatory consult visits per person-year in 2009/10 and 2014/15 with any of the following tariffs: 8440, 8449, 8550, 8553, 8556, or 8557.
118.	Ambulatory Consultations see Consultations (Ambulatory)
119.	Ambulatory Diagnostic Groups (ADG) Now known as Aggregated Diagnosis Groups® , Ambulatory Diagnostic Groups were used in earlier versions (prior to 2001, version 5 release) of the Johns Hopkins Adjusted Clinical Group® (ACG®) case-mix system when it was called the Ambulat...
120.	Ambulatory Physician Expenditures Per Resident The average amount spent for ambulatory physician visits by Manitoba Health for residents of a given region. It is influenced by the number of visits per resident and the expenditures per visit.
121.	Ambulatory Physician Visits See Ambulatory Visits - Physician.
122.	Ambulatory Sensitive Hospitalizations Hospitalizations for Ambulatory Care Sensitive (ACS) Conditions .
123.	Ambulatory Visit Rate (Physician Visits) The average number of visits to all physicians (General Practitioners (GP) / Family Practitioners (FP) (now referred to as Family Physicians) and specialists) per resident in a fiscal year.
124.	Ambulatory Visit Rates Number of visits to physicians or nurse practitoners that occur outside of a hospital setting, per person-year in 2009/10 and 2014/15.
125.	Ambulatory Visit Rates to Specialists The average number of ambulatory visits to specialist physicians per resident in a fiscal year. Values are adjusted to reflect the total population of Manitoba (males and females combined).
126.	Ambulatory Visits (Physician Visits) See Ambulatory Visits - Physician.
127.	Ambulatory Visits (Physicians) See Ambulatory Visits - Physician.
128.	Ambulatory Visits - Physician Ambulatory visits include almost all contacts with physicians; this includes office visits, walk-in clinics, home visits, personal care home (PCH)/nursing home visits and visits to outpatient departments. The type of service provided is defined by a tarif...
129.	Ambulatory Visits - Primary Care Provider / Ambulatory Primary Care Visits Ambulatory visits – Primary care provider is defined as the number visits to a primary care provider in an outpatient setting. Primary care providers are professionals that provide primary care services to patients. In MCHP research, primary care provid...
130.	Ambulatory Visits by Age and Sex This indicator measures the average number of visits to physicians and nurse practitioners by resident age and sex. Crude average rates are calculated.
131.	Ambulatory Visits to Specialists / Ambulatory Specialist Visits The average number of ambulatory visits (including consultations) made to specialist physicians per resident per year. Specialist physicians include all internal medicine specialists, pediatricians, psychiatrists, obstetricians & gynecologists, and surgeo...
132.	Amenable Hospitalizations Medical conditions which a panel of physicians have agreed should not result in untimely death.
133.	American Hospital Formulary Service (AHFS) Pharmacologic-Therapeutic Classification System A drug classification system commonly used in North America; it uses 6 digit codes, which are arranged in a step-up/step-down manner.
134.	AMI acronym for Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI)
135.	Amputation Removal of part or all of a body part enclosed by skin. In the First Nations Report (Martens et. al., 2002), amputation was defined as any hospitalization for a lower limb amputation (ICD-9-CM of 84.40, 84.45-84.48 present in any procedure field) where th...
136.	AMR acronym for Adjusted Mortality Ratio (AMR)
137.	Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) A statistical technique that tests the significance of the differences in means between two or more groups, by comparing the variation between the groups with the variation within them.
138.	Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Drug Classification System A drug classification system widely used for research purposes. The drugs are divided into different groups at five levels according to the organ or system on which they act and/or therapeutic and chemical characteristics: anatomical group; ...
139.	Androgen Use The percentage of residents 40+ who received at least one prescription for androgens (male hormones) over five fiscal years. Androgens included are Testosterone and Andropause drugs.
140.	Angiogram An image obtained using a radiographic technique, which involves the injection of a radio-opaque (shows up on X-ray) contrast material into a blood vessel for the purpose of identifying its anatomy on X-ray. This technique is used to image arteries in the...
141.	Angiography A radiographic technique where a radio-opaque (shows up on X-ray) contrast material is injected into a blood vessel for the purpose of identifying its anatomy on X-ray. This technique is used to image arteries in the brain, heart, kidneys, gastrointestina...
142.	Angioplasty Also called Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA), angioplasty is a procedure using a balloon-tipped catheter to enlarge a narrowing in a coronary artery. If necessary, a stent is inserted permanently into the artery to help hold it open s...
143.	Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitor Use The percentage of residents who received at least one prescription for ACE Inhibitors (ATC codes C09A, C09B) in 2003/04. The primary use of ACE inhibitors is to lower blood pressure. Values are adjusted to reflect the total population of Manitoba (males a...
144.	Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEIs) A therapeutic class of drug commonly used to treat hypertension and other cardiovascular risks. In the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) drug classification, the first four digits of ACEI drugs are C09A and C09B.
145.	Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists (A2RAs) A therapeutic class of drug commonly used to treat hypertension and other cardiovascular risks. In the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) drug classification, the first four digits of A2RA drugs are C09C and C09D.
146.	Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARB) A therapeutic class of drugs commonly used to treat hypertension and other cardiovascular risks.
147.	Anglophone The word Anglophone generally means an English-speaking person. Statistics Canada uses Anglophone to mean someone whose mother tongue is English, that is, the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood at the time of the Census. (...
148.	Ankylosing spondylitis A type of arthritis of the spine, also known as rheumatoid spondylitis. This chronic condition causes inflammation between the vertebrae (the bones forming the spine) and in the joints between the spine and pelvis. It can affect other joints in some indiv...
149.	ANOVA acronym for Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
150.	Antenatal Hospitalization An admission to hospital for physical or psychological conditions resulting from, or aggravated by, pregnancy which does not lead to delivery. It is an indicator of maternal morbidity. For more information, including the "Reasons for Antenatal Hospital...
151.	Antepartum "Time between conception and the onset of labor; usually used to describe the period during which a woman is pregnant." (Olds SB et al., 2004).
152.	Antepartum Hemorrhage A significant amount of bleeding from the uterus occurring prior to childbirth. (Magann EF et al., 2005). In Heaman et al. (2012), a woman was considered to have had an antepartum hemorrhage by the presence of: one or more hosp...
153.	Anti-Insomnia Agent Medications with sedative and hypnotic effects that are used to induce or maintain sleep (Miller and Keane, 2003). Additional Information see Table 2.2 in Chateau et ...
154.	Antibiotic Prescription Antibiotics are a type of medication typically prescribed to treat bacterial infections. The age- and sex-adjusted percentage of residents with one or more prescriptions for antibiotics are measured over a fiscal year. Antibiotic medications were identif...
155.	Antibiotic Use Antibiotics are a type of medication typically prescribed to treat bacterial infections. Antibiotic use is measured as the percentage of people who have had at least one prescription for antibiotics (ATC codes J01 and G04A) in a fiscal year. In Brownel...
156.	Anticoagulants Drugs used to either prevent clot formation or to prevent a clot that has formed from enlarging. These are identified by the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) drug classification code: B01A A.
157.	Antidepressant Prescription Follow-Up The percent of residents (all ages) with a diagnosis of depression (ICD–9–CM codes 296 or 311) and a new (within 2 weeks of diagnosis) dispensation of antidepressants (ATC class N06A) who had at least three family physician or nurse practitioner visit...
158.	Antidepressant Use / Antidepressant Prescriptions The crude and adjusted percentage of residents with at least two prescriptions for antidepressants (ATC code N06A) in a fiscal year.
159.	Antidepressants Antidepressants are medicines used to help people who have depression, other mood and anxiety disorders, and numerous other conditions such as nerve pain (Kennedy, Lam, Cohen, Ravindran, & CANMAT Depression Working Group, 2001; Saarto & Wiffen, 2007). ...
160.	Antigen A foreign substance that evokes an immune response when introduced to the body (i.e., causes the immune system to produce antibodies against the antigen).
161.	Antipsychotic Medications Medications used to counteract or diminish the symptoms of psychotic conditions (i.e., hallucinations, paranoia, etc.). These medications are also referred to as neuroleptics. Typical neuroleptics define more traditional or 'older' antipsychotic medicatio...
162.	Antipsychotic Medications (children) Medications that traditionally have been used to treat children with conditions such as psychoses or Tourette Syndrome, and in some cases to lessen severe self-injurious or aggressive behaviours which can be associated with autism and mental retardation (...
163.	Antipsychotic Prescriptions Antipsychotics are a type of medication typically prescribed to treat psychosis, and other psychiatric disorders, but also have been used as anti-nauseants. Antipsychotic drugs include older agents (e.g., haloperidol) and newer agents termed atypical anti...
164.	Antipsychotics Antipsychotics are a broad class of medications used to treat a variety of psychiatric conditions. The class consists of newer or second generation antipsychotics (SGAs) also named "atypical" antipsychotics, which include clozapine, risperidone, olanzapin...
165.	Anxiety /Anxiety States Anxiety or anxiety states are defined as the presence of: one or more hospitalizations, or admission from the Mental Health Management Information System (MHMIS), with a diagnosis of anxiety states, phobic disorders, or obsessive-compulsive diso...
166.	Anxiety Disorders A group of psychiatric conditions involving excessive anxiety (i.e. excessive feelings of apprehension or fear) that persist to the point that they interfere with daily life for an extended period of time. In Doupe et al. (2008), this included anxiety sta...
167.	Anxiolytic Medications Medications used to treat anxiety and insomnia disorders and symptoms. For a list of anxiolytic medications, including the DINs and ATC codes, used in the Child Health Atlas Update (2008), please see the Links section below.
168.	Any Diagnosis of Maternal Mental Illness Children whose mother had at least one diagnosis of mood and anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, psychotic disorders (including schizophrenia) or personality disorders.
169.	Any Disorders In Martens et. al. (2004), "Any Disorders" was defined as the presence of one or more ICD-9-CM code for any psychiatric condition, in either hospital discharge abstracts or medical services/physician claims data.
170.	Any Mental Disorder / Any Mental Health Disorder / Any Mental Illness This is a term used in MCHP research to describe a combination of individual mental illnesses / mental health disorders that are grouped together for analysis in the research. Various combinations of individual mental illnesses have been used, depending ...
171.	Apgar Scores Apgar scores measure the physiological well-being of newborn babies, and are recorded for virtually all births in hospital. A score of zero, one, or two is given for each of five vital signs that are assessed at one and five minutes after birth. These fiv...
172.	APP acronym for Alternate Payment Plan (APP) AND Assigned Practice Population (APP)
173.	Appendectomy The surgical removal of an inflamed or infected appendix (appendicitis). See MedlinePlus® - Health Topics - Appendicitis for more information. MCHP has used the following ICD-9-CM proc...
174.	Apprehended at Birth / Taken into CFS Care at Birth This defines children who are taken into Child and Family Services (CFS) care at or near the time of birth. Apprehensions at birth often occur as a result of a "birth alert" that is issued by CFS when they are aware of expectant mothers considered to...
175.	Appropriate-for-Gestational-Age (AGA) A birth was considered to be appropriate for gestational age if the birth weight was between the 10th and 90th percentiles for the infant's gestational age and sex. (Kramer et al., 2001).
176.	Appropriateness A process measure; it is the subset of quality that is concerned with determining whether the right thing was done for the patient. In the context of the use of pharmaceuticals, appropriateness measures whether the right drug was prescribed for the right ...
177.	Area Suppression To protect the confidentiality of individual responses Statistics Canada has adopted a technique known as area suppression. This involves the deletion of all characteristic data for geographic areas with populations below a specified size.
178.	Area-Based Socio-economic Measure (ABSM) An Area-Based Socio-economic Measure (ABSM) is a socio-economic measure based on economic and/or social data from the Canadian Census for a specific geographic area (e.g.: dissemination area (DA)). Four specific ABSMs have been developed by MCHP, includi...
179.	Arrival Date Date of arrival in Canada as a temporary or permanent resident. This may occur before the L...
180.	Arthritis A group of conditions that affect the health of the bone joints in the body. Arthritic diseases include rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis, which are autoimmune diseases; septic arthritis caused by joint infection; and the more common osteoarthr...
181.	Arthritis Mortality This indicator measures the crude and adjusted mortality rate for residents age 19 and older with and without arthritis. Individuals were categorized as with or without arthritis in a two-fiscal-year period and their mortality rate was calculated in the s...
182.	Arthritis Treatment Prevalence / Arthritis Prevalence The percentage of residents aged 19 or older diagnosed with arthritis (rheumatoid or osteo-arthritis) using a combination of data in physician visits, hospitalizations, and prescription drugs. See the Arthritis - Measuring Prevalence concept for an...
183.	Artificial Life Support ".. a spectrum of techniques used to maintain life after the failure of one or more vital organs." (from The Free Dictionary - Medical Dictionary web site http://...
184.	Asperger's Disorder Pervasive developmental disorder, causing problems in social interactions and communication, and involves repetition and limited interests. Problems are not evident for language or cognitive skills.
185.	Asplenia The absence of a functional spleen.
186.	Assessed for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) This indicator measures the percent of children born to mothers at any time and who were assessed at the Manitoba FASD Centre. It is calculated as the number of children assessed in a time period divided by the total number of children who were not previo...
187.	Assessment for Personal Care Home (PCH) Placement An assessment of clinical status, and nursing and social requirements, which are coordinated, whenever possible, by the same individuals who performed the assessment for Home Care. Individuals placed on a 'waiting' list may also have an initial assessment...
188.	Assessment Panels Committees determining the need for personal care home placement based either on a recommendation from Home Care or as a request from an individual and/or family.
189.	Assigned Practice Population (APP) The group of patients "assigned" to a physician or a clinic. In Manitoba, the population is not formally assigned to physicians and therefore tend to visit more than one physician or group of physicians (i.e.: a clinic) over time. This creates complexity ...
190.	Assisted Living Independent-living or shared-care housing. Usually for young disabled individuals with similar level of care needs. There is an orderly on-site to assist these individuals. If professional help is required (e.g. RN), this would be scheduled separately. Pa...
191.	Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) "Term used to describe the highly technologic approaches used to product pregnancy." (Olds SB et al., 2004).
192.	Assisted Vaginal Birth Vaginal births that were assisted by the means of forceps or vacuum extraction. A birth was considered to be assisted if one or more of the following procedure / intervention codes were present: ICD-9-CM: 72.0, 72.1, 72.2, 72.3, 72.4, 72....
193.	Asthma A disease in which inflammation of the airways causes airflow into and out of the lungs to be restricted. See MedlinePlus® - Health Topics - Asthma for more information. In Chartier et al. (...
194.	Asthma Care: Controller Medication Use This indicator measures the percent of residents who require the use of acute asthma medication (e.g., beta 2-agonists) and who also have a prescription for long acting anti-inflammatory medication. See the Asthma C...
195.	At Risk Children See glossary term High Risk Children / High Risk Youths.
196.	At Risk Newborn An infant who, at birth, is defined as having potential health problems according to the following criteria: birthweight was < 2500g or > 4000g. Also known as "at-risk birthweight".
197.	At-Risk Birth Weight Either low (< 2500 grams) or high (> 4000 grams) birth weight. See Low Birth Weight Rate and High Birth Weight Rate terms for more information.
198.	ATC acronym for Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Classification System
199.	Atherosclerotic Heart Disease see Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) .
200.	Atopic Dermatitis / Atopic Eczema Atopic dermatitis, also known as atopic eczema, is a type of inflammation of the skin that results in itchy, red, swollen, and cracked skin. It typically starts in childhood with changing severity over the years. In infants, much of the body may be affect...
201.	Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) / Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) A neurobehavioral developmental disorder that is characterized by a persistent pattern of impulsiveness, hyperactivity and absence of attention in children. The disorder is often identified during school ages and symptoms may continue into adulthood. ADH...
202.	Atypical Diagnostic Coding Index (ADCI) This Index identifies the extent to which a family physician's diagnostic codings across Dino-Clusters are distributed atypically compared to their peers.
203.	Atypical Patient In case mix classification systems, patients are categorized as typical or atypical based on several criteria. An atypical patient is one where the hospitalization involves a transfer, sign-out against medical advice, ends in death, includes non-acute day...
204.	Atypical Stay This is usually a non-typical inpatient. Generally an atypical stay is based on length of stay in hospital compared to the average for a given CMG™, DRG™ or RDRG®.
205.	Atypically Long Stay Defined as over 30, 60 or 90 days, depending on the medical, surgical, or obstetrical category of the RDRG® program.
206.	Augmentation of Labour Labour Augmentation is the act of stimulating labour contractions to speed up the birthing process when labour slows down or stops. The chemical oxytocin is administered to the mother intravenously to attempt to resume labour. Note that augmentation of la...
207.	Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) A pervasive developmental disorder that typically affects a person's social interactions and ability to communicate, and may be evident by repetitive behaviours or a strong attachment to a routine. The severity ranges from mild to severe and it includes d...
208.	Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) - Rehabilitation Centre for Children (RCC) Data The Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) - Rehabilitation Centre for Children (RCC) data held in the Manitoba Population Research Data Repository (MPRDR) contains some client demographic information and a date of ASD diagnosis. The data is related to services p...
209.	Average Cost Per Weighted Case (ACWC or ACPWC) See Cost Per Weighted Case (CPWC or CWC)
210.	Average Costing One of two common ways to estimate patient health care costs. Total inpatient expenditures are divided by a measure of total patient services. The estimate can be defined per case, per service, or per workload unit.
211.	Average Daily Consumption of Fruits and Vegetables - (CCHS Survey Data) Canada's Food Guide recommends that children should eat 4-6 servings of fruits or vegetables daily, and teenagers and adults should eat 7-8 servings of fruits or vegetables daily as part of a healthy diet. One serving means ½ cup of fresh, frozen or can...
212.	Average Household Income (Neighbourhood Income) The average household income is the mean income of households at the neighbourhood level from the Canadian Census. In the census, a household refers to all persons who live within the same dwelling, regardless of their relationship to each other. Househol...
213.	Average Length of Home Care Case The average number of days cases are registered in the Home Care program over a five-year period.
214.	Average Length of Stay (ALOS) The mean number of days of care for inpatient hospitalizations for residents of a given region. Calculated by dividing total number of hospital days for residents of a given region for the fiscal year by total number of inpatient hospital separations duri...
215.	Avoidable Hospitalization For Immunizable and Preventable Infections Hospitalization for primary diagnosis of: congenital syphilis, whooping cough (ICD-9-CM code=033) in children > 3 months old (principal or secondary diagnosis); measles (055), mumps (072), rubella (056) in children > 1 years old; tetanus (037); polio (045...
216.	Avoidable Hospitalizations A set of 12 conditions / diagnoses "for which hospitalization can be avoided if ambulatory care is provided in a timely and effective manner". (Weissman et al. 1992.). There are specific ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes defined for this.

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